典型的三聚氰胺致幼儿肾结石红外光谱分析

从云南省第一人民医院得到经过医学证实的典型三聚氰胺肾结石,将2 mg肾结石与200 mg KBr一同放入玛瑙研钵中研碎,进行压片。用Perkin-Elemer公司生产的spectrum 100光谱仪得到了该结石的红外光谱。吸收峰在4 000～2 000 cm-1之间有3 487,3 325, 3 162, 2 788 cm-1,在1 700～1 000 cm-1之间有1 694,1 555,1 383,1 340,1 189,1 122 cm-1,在1 000～400 cm-1之间有993,782,748,709,624,585,565,476 cm-1。结石的红外光谱经过与文献报道的饲喂含氰尿酸、三聚氰胺宠物饲料后猫的肾结石的红外光谱图及普通人肾结石的红外光谱图对比,相差很大,说明该患儿结石与宠物结石及普通人肾结石的成分相同的可能性不大;分别与三聚氰胺与尿酸的红外光谱图对比,各有50%的相似性; 将三聚氰胺、尿酸按1∶1混合后,红外光谱出现的峰在4 000～2 000 cm-1 之间有3 469,3 419,3 333,3 132,3 026,2 827 cm-1, 在1 700～1 000 cm-1之间有1 696, 1 656, 1 555, 1 489, 1 439, 1 350, 1 311, 1 198, 1 124, 1 028 cm-1, 在1 000～400 cm-1之间有993,878,814,784,745,708,619,577,475 cm-1,将其与结石的红外光谱对比,发现两张图谱有83.3%的相似性,由此得出典型三聚氰胺尿结石的主要成分为三聚氰胺和尿酸。     

Enhanced renal image contrast by ethanol fixation in phase‐contrast X‐ray computed tomography

Phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging using a crystal X‐ray interferometer can depict the fine structures of biological objects without the use of a contrast agent. To obtain higher image contrast, fixation techniques have been examined with 100% ethanol and the commonly used 10% formalin, since ethanol causes increased density differences against background due to its physical properties and greater dehydration of soft tissue. Histological comparison was also performed. A phase‐contrast X‐ray system was used, fitted with a two‐crystal X‐ray interferometer at 35 keV X‐ray energy. Fine structures, including cortex, tubules in the medulla, and the vessels of ethanol‐fixed kidney could be visualized more clearly than that of formalin‐fixed tissues. In the optical microscopic images, shrinkage of soft tissue and decreased luminal space were observed in ethanol‐fixed kidney; and this change was significantly shown in the cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla. The ethanol fixation technique enhances image contrast by approximately 2.7–3.2 times in the cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla; the effect of shrinkage and the physical effect of ethanol cause an increment of approximately 78% and 22%, respectively. Thus, the ethanol‐fixation technique enables the image contrast to be enhanced in phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging.     

Altered protein synthesis in rat kidney cells exposed to semiconductor materials

It is thought that the extensive industrial use of arsenic, gallium and indium, which have applications as the materials for III–V semiconductors, will increase human exposure to these compounds in the near future. We have undertaken the development of new biological indicators for assessing exposure to these elements. Element-specific alterations in protein synthesis patterns were expected to occur following exposure to arsenic compounds. We examined alterations in protein synthesis in primary cultures of rat kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells by sodium arsenite, gallium chloride and indium chloride, utilizing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. After incubation with the chemicals for 20 h, newly synthesized proteins were labeled with [³⁵S]methionine. A protein with a molecular weight (M_r) of 30 000 was markedly induced on exposure to 10 μM arsenite or 300 μM gallium chloride, and synthesis of proteins with M_r values of 85 000, 71 000, 65 000, 51 000, 38 000 and 28 000 were also increased by exposure to arsenite and gallium chloride. No significant changes were observed upon exposure to indium. Some of these increased proteins could be heat-shock proteins.     

椭圆偏振光测不准原因分析

在光学实验中,用GSZF-3实验系统检测椭圆偏振光时,测得的振幅与角度在极坐标中画出的并不是椭圆,而是一个类肾脏线。本文分析了产生的原因,并提出了改进建议。     

Regeneration of kidney tissue using in vitro cultured fetal kidney cells

Transplanting fetal kidney cells (FKCs) can regenerate kidney. This requires in vitro expansion in cell number to acquire enough cells for transplantation. However, FKCs may change their cellular characteristics during expansion and, thus, may not regenerate kidney tissue upon transplantation. We investigated how cell culture period affects cellular characteristics and in vivo regenerative potential of FKCs. As the passage number increased, cell growth rate and colony forming ability decreased while senescence and apoptosis increased. To examine in vivo regenerative potential, FKCs cultured through different numbers of passages were implanted into the parenchyma of kidneys of immunodeficient mice using fibrin gel for 4 wk. Histological analyses showed passage-dependent kidney tissue regeneration, and the regeneration was better when cells from lower number of passages were implanted. This result shows that in vitro culture of FKCs significantly affects the cell characteristics and in vivo tissue regenerative potential.     

Thermal decomposition of struvite

Struvite (NH₄MgPO₄·6H₂O) is a mineral often found in urinary tracts and kidneys. Thermal decomposition using slow low heating shows that the 'kidney' stone can be decomposed at temperatures below 40°C. At this temperature both ammonia and water are evolved. If more rapid heating is employed the decomposition occurs at around 80°C. The implication of this work rests with the use of low slow heat for the decomposition of the kidney stones. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Optimized POCl3-assisted synthesis of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole/1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as anti-influenza agents

Although recent decades have witnessed the synthesis of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles via phosphorus POCl₃-promoted cyclization reaction, simultaneous access to 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole analogs remains unexpected and elusive. Herein, a detailed regiocontrolled synthesis of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles in good to high yields with good regioselectivities from readily available thiosemicarbazides using POCl₃ was disclosed. Meantime, to establish a comprehensive structure–activity relationship, 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as single regioisomers were prepared via EDCI·HCl-triggered cyclization of the thiosemicarbazide intermediates. The in vitro anti-influenza assays proved that the selected compounds with the pyrazine/pyridine ring exhibited certain inhibitory activities against influenza A virus strains A/HK/68 (H3N2) and A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in MDCK cells. Among them, N-(adamantan-1-yl)-5-(5-(azepan-1-yl)pyrazin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (4j) was the most active compound, and exhibited favorable activity with EC₅₀ values of 3.5 μM and 7.5 μM, respectively. In addition, the molecular docking results explained the reason why compound 4j had dual inhibitory activity and revealed the reasonable binding mode of this compound with the M2-S31N and M2-WT ion channels. This compound had the potential to be further developed as an anti-influenza drug.     

Exploring the mechanisms of renoprotection against progressive glomerulosclerosis

In this review, I introduce the strategy developed by our laboratory to explore the mechanisms of renoprotection against progressive glomerulosclerosis leading to renal death. First, I describe the experimental rat model in which disturbances of vascular regeneration and glomerular hemodynamics lead to irreversible glomerulosclerosis. Second, I discuss the possible mechanisms determining the progression of glomerulosclerosis and introduce a new imaging system based on intravital confocal laser scanning microscopy. Third, I provide an in-depth review of the regulatory glomerular hemodynamics at the cellular and molecular levels while focusing on the pivotal role of Ca(2+)-dependent gap junctional intercellular communication in coordinating the behavior of mesangial cells. Last, I show that local delivery of renoprotective agents, in combination with diagnostic imaging of the renal microvasculature, allows the evaluation of the therapeutic effects of angiotensin II receptor and cyclooxygenase activity local blockade on the progression of glomerulosclerosis, which would otherwise lead to renal death.     

补肾调肝法治疗对精液异常患者精液微量元素改变的观察

研究了２６例精液异常患者使用补肾调肝法治疗后其精液锌、铜、铅等元素的改变。２６例患者在治疗后精液质量有明显改善,其中精液中锌含量与治疗前相比有明显提高,治疗前后分别为（２．０６＋１．０９）ｍｍｏｌ．Ｌ和（２．４８±１．０５）ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ（Ｐ＜０.０１）,差异具有显著性意义。精液中的铜含量也有所提高。铅含量比治疗前减少,但并不具显著性。     

五种补肾中成药物中微量铝分析

用Ａｌ－ＣＡＳ－ＯＰ－１０分光光度法测定了五种补肾中成药中铝含量。结果表明,五种中成药中铝含量有一定的差异。本实验结果为进一步研究铝与补肾中成药的功效关系提供了有用数据。