Analyses of Chloramphenicol in Biological Samples by HPLC

Abstract

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is the drug of choice for the treatment of typhoid fever and other diseases and is consumed by millions of people. Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, but it has serious side effects and high risk of anemia if taken continuously. The drug persists for a long time in the human body and is likely to damage to the liver, kidneys, and red blood cells, even at low concentrations. From the human health point of view, analysis of low levels of this drug in biological samples is important. This article present an overview of the analysis of CAP in biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the available methods are compared in terms of their applications, efficiencies, and effectiveness.     

UPLC-MS-MS法快速测定含乳冷冻饮品中氯霉素残留量

建立了UPLC-MS-MS法测定含乳冷冻饮品中氯霉素的含量。样品经高氯酸沉淀蛋白,乙酸乙酯提取,浓缩干燥,流动相溶解,正己烷脱脂后,采用ACQUITYUPLCBHEC18色谱柱分离,以1％甲酸水溶液一乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,利用电喷雾质谱负离子监测模式对氯霉素进行检测。氯霉素浓度在0．1～100．0ng／mL范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r=0．9986。加标回收率为81．5％～103．4％,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1．72％-3,18％（n=5）,以3倍信噪比计算方法的检出限为0．1μg／kg。     

Tuning Selectivity and Sensitivity of Mixed‐polymeric Tetraruthenated Metalloporphyrins Modified Electrodes as Voltammetric Sensors of Chloramphenicol

Mixed Ni?Co tetraruthenated porphyrin films were successfully electropolymerized on glassy carbon electrodes in alkaline solutions (pH=13) of NiTRP and CoTRP, giving excellent electrocatalytic responses for determination of the antibiotic drug chloramphenicol. Electrodes with four different compositions were obtained by varying the ratio of NiTRP and CoTRP in the deposition solution. For the characterization of these materials, SEM, ICP‐MS, EIS and CV were explored. The porphyrin modified glassy carbon electrodes presented two oxidation peaks for chloramphenicol (except for Ni‐25). The potential shifted to lower values as the percentage of CoTRP increased decreasing its oxidation potential in more than 200 mV for Ni‐50 as compared to Ni‐100. Interestingly, the materials with cobalt content larger than 50 % did not show the typical catalytic response of the Ni^IIIOOH species, but rather showed an increase in current at potentials larger than 0.4 V, demonstrating the key role played by nickel in this type of materials. The composition of polymeric mixed porphyrin materials influenced the oxidation current response of both redox waves, resulting in different sensitivities on the calibration curves.     

基于复合纳米微粒修饰电极的氯霉素快速检测用磁场可控一次性安培免疫传感器研究

在丝网印刷碳电极(SPCE)表面涂敷一层碳纳米管(CNT)/二茂铁(Fc)/Nafion膜,进而通过外磁场作用将包被了氯霉素-牛血清蛋白(CAP-BSA)的纳米金磁微粒[Fe3O4(核)/Au(壳),简称GMP]吸附到其表面,构建了可用于CAP检测的磁场可控一次性安培免疫传感器.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱(XRFS)表征了免疫传感器的制备过程,采用循环伏安法(CV)和示差脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究了免疫传感器的电化学性质,结合竞争性免疫分析法测定了CAP浓度.免疫传感器在含有100ng·mL-1anti-CAP的25μLpH=6.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中加入不同浓度的CAP,并在25℃下温育6min,DPV还原峰电流上升百分比(CI%)与CAP浓度在0.2～80.0ng·mL―1范围内呈线性关系,检测限为0.11ng·mL―1.用于牛奶样品中CAP检测并和标准HPLC方法对照,结果一致,回收率在88%～104%之间.该免疫传感器灵敏快速、外磁场可控、样品用量小、可抛弃,有望用于食品中痕量CAP快速检测.     

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of chloramphenicol in Ag colloids prepared by microwave heating method

Ag colloids were prepared by the microwave heating method. The UV‐visible spectrum and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the Ag colloids. The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of chloramphenicol (CAP) in Ag colloids were successfully recorded. The Raman spectra of CAP were recorded with good concordance comparing to the theoretical results calculated by the Gaussian'98 program. CAP molecules on the Ag surface are oriented tilted to the particle surface via C20‐O23, N‐O13, and N‐O23, which played an important role in the SERS effect. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bioactive polymers XXI. Coupling of chloramphenicol on Biozan R

The coupling of chloramphenicol on Biozan R (Hercules) by activation with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was studied. The esterification is influenced by the chloramphenicol/dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ratio, concentration of the reactants and reaction time.The microbial tests performed with products of different chloramphenicol contents attest their antimicrobial activity and their possible use, especially in ophtalmology.     

Performance characteristics of an analytical procedure for determining chloramphenicol residues in muscle tissue by gas chromatography-electron capture detection

Validation of an analytical method for determining chloramphenicol residues in muscle tissue by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) was performed according to the latest European Union criteria for the analysis of veterinary drugs in food, laid down by Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The method using the meta isomer of chloramphenicol as an internal standard proved to be very selective, specific to other related phenicols and accurate to within +3.6% at a concentration level of 8.9 microg/kg, as present in the certified reference material available. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9991. At all three fortification levels studied (0.3, 0.45 and 0.6 microg/kg), repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility were <8 and < or =9%, respectively. The decision limit (CCalpha) and detection capability (CCbeta) were 0.07 and 0.12 microg/kg, respectively. The validation results and the results of participation in an international inter-laboratory proficiency test indicate that the method presented is completely suited for regulatory control to screen and quantify chloramphenicol residues in various muscle tissues on a routine basis.     

固相萃取-色谱测定水、沉积物及土壤中氯霉素和3种四环素类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱(UV)检测水、沉积物和土壤中的氯霉素、土霉素、四环素和金霉素4种抗生素的方法。水样、土壤和沉积物样品的前处理采用EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲溶液提取,用SAX-HLB串联小柱纯化和富集,用丙酮(含10%甲醇)洗脱进一步减小天然有机质的影响。采用乙腈和0.01mol/L草酸溶液作为流动相,8min内分离4种抗生素。测定了贵阳市阿哈湖、南明河和乌江渡水库的水样及沉积物,均有抗生素检出。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定动物组织中氯霉素、氟甲砜霉素和甲砜霉素的残留量

建立了气相色谱-负离子化学电离源质谱同时测定动物组织中氯霉素(CAP)、甲砜霉素(TAP)和氟甲砜霉素(FF)残留量的方法。样品用乙酸乙酯提取,正己烷分配去脂肪,再用Florisil柱进一步净化,甲苯作为反应介质,用N,O-双(三甲基硅基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)-三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)(体积比为99∶1)进行硅烷化处理,用间硝基氯霉素(m-CAP)作为内标进行测定。CAP的检测限可达到0.03 μg/kg,TAP和FF的检测限可达到0.2 μg/kg;上述3种药物的标准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.99。CAP,FF和TAP的批内测定的精密度(以相对标准偏差表示)依次为5.5%,10.4%和8.8%;批间测定的精密度依次为7.4%,20.7%和19.1%。回收率为80.0%~111.5%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~15.4%。该方法前处理步骤简单,处理后杂质干扰少,灵敏度高,适用性强,可用于猪肉及禽类、水产品等多种动物组织中氯霉素类药物残留的检测。     

毛细管电泳法研究环糊精与药物芦丁和氯霉素的相互作用

采用毛细管电泳淌度移动法测定了β-环糊精与芦丁和氯霉素这两种药物的包合常数及包合反应的热力学参数。所用未涂层熔融石英毛细管的规格为内径50 μm,总长37 cm,有效长度30 cm,电泳缓冲液为25 mmol/L硼砂+100 mmol/L硼酸(pH 8.6),并加入不同浓度的β-CD。在25 ℃时测得芦丁和氯霉素与β-CD的包合常数分别为98.5和1204 L/mol。通过测定不同温度下的包合常数,求得包合反应的系列热力学参数。结果表明β-CD与两种药物的包合反应焓熵互补现象明显。采用MM2力场对β-CD与两种药物分子的包合物的稳定构型进行了分子力学模拟,模拟结果与实验结果相符。