核动力航空推进探析

文献调研国外核动力航空推进相关技术研究,美国GE与PW公司通过ANP计划已试验验证了核动力航空推进的可行性;分析认为核动力航空推进当前最佳用途是长航时无人机与巡航导弹动力,关键技术是核屏蔽的轻量化设计、热交换效率与速率、热力系统设计与新型结构问题;核动力航空推进若采用蒸汽介质的二回路闭式循环驱动螺旋桨,蒸汽透平及动力系统设计没有技术障碍,闭式循环蒸汽流量关键取决于蒸汽透平汽耗率与热交换循环时间。     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝传热性能的实验研究

实验研究了不同水蒸气压力条件下的滴状冷凝传热特性。10 kPa、40 kPa和70 kPa时的传热系数分别是常压下的56%,68%和81%。随着水蒸气压力的下降,液滴脱落直径变大,液滴生长周期延长,冷凝传热系数下降。通过液滴的动力学特性分析和基于界面效应的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了低压对水蒸气冷凝传热的主要影响因素,压力变化主要影响了分子扩散率和气-液相际传热热阻,导致总冷凝传热系数随压力下降。     

Modelling and simulation of steam turbine processes: individual models for individual tasks

Within power plants, several physical, chemical and mechanical processes are conducted to transfer the energy, stored in fossil fuel, into electrical energy. This energy conversion is divided into several stages. Hitherto, the largest conventional power plants employ steam turbines as prime movers to drive a generator. Hence, a steam turbine is one module to convert heat energy into mechanical energy. And thus it is one link in the chain of energy conversions with the aim of generating electrical energy. Today, steam turbine industry faces numerous challenges concerning efficiency, commissioning time, start-up times, operation, availability, safety, cost-effectiveness, etc. Many of these tasks can be supported by simulating the transient operational behaviour of the turbine in advance. For example, the commissioning time can be shortened if the turbine controllers are initialized with well-tuned pre-set parameters; cost-effectiveness can be increased by setting aside unnecessary devices and exactly determining material specifications; safety may be increased by predicting the impacts of failures and thus taking the necessary precautions. Different tasks require different details regarding the employed turbine simulation model. Thus, the turbine controller may be well tuned with less complex simulation models of turbine, generator and electrical grid, whereas detailed studies of failures, mainly the transient behaviour which may lead to serious damages, may require detailed modelling of the turbine-internal thermodynamic processes. Here, a brief overview of models which simulate the transient thermodynamic behaviour of a steam turbine is presented. Three different approaches will be introduced and compared with respect to different operating situations. Also, special attention is directed towards the time dependence of critical states, mainly turbine speed and pressure development in certain areas. The first model is based on a simple, linear approach and is suitable of giving a quick overview. The second one incorporates more details and is useful if the operating point is close to the design point. Finally, the last model incorporates mass and energy balances as well as the major non-linearities. Hence it depicts the turbine behaviour over a large range of operating points.     

Ni-Cu双金属催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究—制备方法对催化性能的影响

我们采用分步浸渍法和共浸渍法制备了一系列的Ni-Cu/mSiO₂催化剂.运用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、H₂-TPR、SEM、TG-DTG等表征手段对催化剂反应前后的物理化学性质进行分析,催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整（ESR）反应的催化性能通过常压固定床反应器进行评价.结果表明：催化剂的催化性能与载体上的活性组分分散有关,而活性金属的分散性与制备方法有关.共浸渍法制备的催化剂Ni₁₄-Cu/mSiO₂活性组分分散度较高,抗积碳能力与稳定性更好.在质量空速为2.7 h^-1,水醇摩尔比为9,反应温度为550℃的条件下进行稳定性测试,催化剂Ni₁₄-Cu/mSiO₂测试25 h没有出现失活现象,乙醇转化率保持在100%,H₂的选择性保持在70%以上,反应后的积碳含量仅为5.52%.     

Reverse Thinking of the Aggregation-Induced Emission Principle: Amplifying Molecular Motions to Boost Photothermal Efficiency of Nanofibers**

Using reverse thinking of the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) principle, we demonstrate an ingenious and universal protocol for amplifying molecular motions to boost photothermal efficiency of fibers. Core–shell nanofibers having the olive oil solution of AIE-active molecules as the core surrounded by PVDF-HFP shell were constructed by coaxial electrospinning. The molecularly dissolved state of AIE-active molecules allows them to freely rotate and/or vibrate in nanofibers upon photoexcitation and thus significantly elevates the proportion of non-radiative energy dissipation, affording impressive heat-generating efficiency. Photothermal evaluation shows that the core–shell nanofibers with excellent durability can reach up to 22.36 % of photothermal conversion efficiency, which is 26-fold as the non-core–shell counterpart. Such a core–shell fiber can be used for photothermal textiles and solar steam generation induced by natural sunlight with green and carbon-zero emission.     

Variation in essential oil content and composition of Ridolfia segetum Moris based on 30-hour prolonged fractionated extraction procedure

Abstract

A comprehensive study on essential oil samples extracted from Ridolfia segetum Moris (Apiaceae) collected in Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. In this study, a 30-hour, fractionated, steam distillation procedure for essential oil preparation was applied. The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry analysis showed monoterpene o-cymene and phenylpropanoid dill-apiol as the major essential oil’s constituents revealing a new chemotype dependent on extraction duration. Great impact of the duration of the distillation process on chemical profile of essential oil was observed; prolonged distillation gives chemically more diverse essential oil samples. Preliminary microbiological evaluations of the essential oils samples revealed some activity, although not high, against Candida albicans.     

超临界水驱超稠油提高采收率热物理特性研究

超稠油资源的高效开发对于提高石油供给和保障我国石油安全意义重大。针对深层超稠油资源由于原始地层压力高、原油黏度大导致常规蒸汽驱无法有效开发的问题,本文提出超临界水驱开发深层超稠油的新思路。本文首先研制了超临界水驱油提高采收率实验平台,研发的管式填砂岩心模型能够模拟岩心升温和驱替的同步过程,然后开展了超临界水驱、蒸汽驱和热水驱对比实验研究,实验结果表明,相对于蒸汽驱,超临界水驱能显著提高采收率并具有更高的热效率,25MPa、400℃超临界水驱鲁克沁超稠油的采收率达到97.07%;获得了超临界水驱过程的温度场和驱替压差变化规律,发现了超临界水超覆现象,与蒸汽超覆相比,超临界水超覆发生晚且持续短,可扩大波及范围,提高采收率。     

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Effects of the Steam Ingestion on the Aerodynamic Stability of an Axial Compressor

In order to investigate the influence of steam ingestion on the aerodynamic stability of a two-stage low-speed axial-flow compressor, multiphase flow numerical simulation and experiment were carried out. The total pressure ratio and stall margin of the compressor was decreased under steam ingestion. When the compressor worked at 40% and 53% of the nominal speed, the stall margin decreased, respectively, by 1.5% and 6.3%. The ingested steam reduced the inlet Mach number and increased the thickness of the boundary layer on the suction surface of the blade. The low-speed region around the trailing edge of the blade was increased, and the flow separation region of the boundary layer on the suction surface of the blade was expanded; thus, the compressor was more likely to enter the stall state. The higher the rotational speed, the more significant the negative influence of steam ingestion on the compressor stall margin. The entropy and temperature of air were increased by steam. The heat transfer between steam and air was continuous in compressor passages. The entropy of the air in the later stage was higher than that in the first stage; consequently, the flow loss in the second stage was more serious. Under the combined action of steam ingestion and counter-rotating bulk swirl distortion, the compressor stability margin loss was more obvious. When the rotor speed was 40% and 53% of the nominal speed, the stall margin decreased by 6.3% and 12.64%, respectively.     

添加CaO的准东煤中温水蒸气气化特性的研究

以内在碳捕集气化为背景,利用加压热重分析仪开展CaO对准东煤中温(700-750℃)水蒸气气化反应动力学特性的影响研究,采用氮气吸附仪对准东煤焦的比表面积进行测定,并对煤中不同赋存形态碱金属含量采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)进行测定。结果表明,准东煤中的可溶性碱金属元素能有效催化气化反应,引入的二氧化碳吸收剂CaO与碱金属间表现出协同催化作用。水洗后的准东煤焦活性最高,添加CaO后的气化活性最好。Ca/C物质的量比对准东煤气化特性的影响研究表明,CaO的添加存在饱和量,Ca/C物质的量比为1.0较为合适。利用均相模型(HM)、缩核模型(SCM)以及修正体积模型(MVM)对反应动力学实验数据进行拟合,结果表明,修正体积模型可以较好地体现添加CaO的准东煤中温水蒸气气化反应动力学特性,由此获得反应活化能为160.90 kJ/mol。     

Essential oil extraction,chemical analysis and anti-Candida activity of Foeniculum vulgare Miller – new approaches

A comprehensive study on essential oil samples of Foeniculum vulgare Miller from Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. A 24-h systematic steam distillation was performed on different harvested samples applying different extraction times. The GC-MS analysis of the residue outcome showed o-cymene, α-phellandrene, α-pinene and estragole as the major constituents. The predominance and continued presence of o-cymene makes this fennel oil a rather unique chemotype. An evident correlation between the antifungal activity and phenological stage is demonstrated. The most active fractions were particularly rich in estragole, as well as a significant amount of fenchone that possibly exerts some additive effect in the expression of overall antifungal potency. Pre-fruiting material produced oil particularly rich in o-cymene. With reference to the duration of the extraction, the maximum amount of oil was released within the first 3 h, whereas the reproductive phase material needed at least 6 h for the extraction.