ENTROPIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE INTERACTION PARAMETER xIN THE POLYMER／OLIGOMER SYSTEM： A LATTICE CLUSTER THEORY CONSIDERATION

Entropic contribution to the interaction parameter xeff in the model incompressible polymer/oligomer system is calculated by the lattice cluster theory (LCT). It is found that in the oligomer solvent, there exists a wide concentration range that the non-combinatorial “entropic interaction” term xeff φ1φ2 perceptibly counteracts the mean field combinary entropy ΔSMF. With the increase of the solvent size, both xeff and the ratio xefc φ1φ2/ΔSMF first reach their maximum and finally become trivially to zero. It is worth noting that no any demixing was found in the current calculation. This makes the controversial idea “entropically driven demixing” even elusive. However, we propose that further work on compressible polymer solution with structured monomer will witness the demixing owning to an increased configurational correlation.     

WATER MOVEMENT CAUSED BY SPREADING SURFACTANTS IN UNSATURATED SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES OF NONUNIFORM SIZE

The movement of water originated by the spreading of two surfactants was analyzed in glass beads as well as on soil systems, both of particles of nonuniform size

The higher difference of surface tension produced in the system by 1 -hexadecanol compared to that of 1-tetradecanol led therefore to a higher amount of water moved. Decreased proportion of the smaller sized particles in glass beads system produced a decrease in the total water moved by both surfactants.

Organic matter acted in soil as a second surfactant in glass beads. This effect was compared in glass beads systems once 1-hexadecanol was evenly distributed among the particles as continuous film, which played a role alike that of organic matter in soil and then a second surfactant 1-tetradecanol was added. These additional surfactant effect diminished the difference between initial and final surface tension (surface tension depression) of the system and so the total water moved.

The soil organic matter (1.7%) modified the water movement curve in the presence of low (0.2g) content of 1-hexadecanol, whereas for high content of either alcohol (0.4g) or low content of 1-tetradecanol content (0.2g) the water movement curves were the same     

Survey study and experimental investigation on the local behavior of pedestrian groups

Current research on pedestrian dynamics mainly focuses on the interactions among isolated individuals, the impact of the presence of groups is not fully considered. In recent 5 years, researchers have started to investigate pedestrian group movement. The aim of this work is to explore the local behavior of pedestrian groups by questionnaires and field observation. Survey study focused on pedestrians' psychology when walking in groups, which included five parts: group size, interpersonal distance, spatial relationship among group members, speed adjustment of group members, information transmission, and acid action among group members. Meantime a field observation was carried out to study group movement characteristics, which contained speed, step frequency, offset angle and interpersonal distance. The survey results show that group members have a closer interpersonal distance, faster information transmission and plenty of acid action. Conversely, group walking has a negative influence on pedestrian's speed, step frequency by comparing with the way isolated pedestrian walks. In addition, it is found that for a certain group, the group members are able to keep movement consistent. Also there exists obvious movement diversity among different group types (male dyads, female dyads, couple groups, and ordinary‐friend groups) because of different gender and social relationship. Ultimately the results will be more promising for helping to model the movement of pedestrian groups. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 87–97, 2015     

化学工程:从基础研究到工业应用

本文介绍了我国中长期发展规划中所制定的化学化工学科发展目标,综述了化学工程学科近十余年来在队伍建设、平台建设和国家级奖励等方面所取得的成果,列举了若干化学工程在传递与过程强化、化工分离过程、精细与药物化工、能源化工和材料化工领域从基础研究到工业化应用的例子和成果,展望了化学工程学科今后发展的方向及目标.     

软机器人的运动行为研究进展

软机器人的出现不仅弥补了传统机器人的缺点,并逐渐成为机器人领域的热点和前沿之一,近年来该领域研究进展十分迅速。本文总结了典型软机器人的运动行为的研究进展,介绍了软机器人按材质类型的分类(包括液晶软机器人、生物分子软机器人、PDMS软机器人、液体软机器人和自振荡凝胶软机器人)及其功能和潜在应用,讨论了当前不同类别软机器人运动的特点和存在的问题,在此基础上展望了软机器人领域面临的机遇、挑战和未来发展方向。     

基础化学实验教学的新理念——再议实验教学之本质

最近20年以来,国内高校的本科基础化学实验教学从理念、内容、标准,到组织机构和评价方法,都经历了一系列变化和改革。立足于新的历史机遇和时代,有必要深刻理解和厘清本科阶段基础化学实验教学的本质和角色,既不轻视和简慢其地位、也不夸大和拔高其效用;须还基础实验教学以其本来面目,着重深挖其在传播"第三类知识"(Knowhow)以及培养"元认知"能力当中的不可替代作用,才能在化学实验教学改革大潮中不懈怠、不迷惘。     

大概念引领下的真实情境结构化教学实践*——羧酸及其衍生物

以高中化学“羧酸”一节为例,以大概念“化学源自生活,结构决定性质”为引领,结合系列真实情境,将乙酸的性质、羧酸的性质、羧酸衍生物的性质结构化地整合在一起,螺旋上升式地实施教学,顺应学生学习心理,促进学生学科知识结构化和认知结构化的建立,凸显教学中学生的主体地位,厚植学生的化学学科核心素养,也促进教师的二次成长,达到教学相长。     

Quantitative analysis of asymmetrical cortical activity in motor areas during sequential finger movement

Brain asymmetry is a phenomenon well known for handedness and has been studied in motor cortices. However, few quantitative studies on asymmetrical cortical activity in motor areas have been conducted. In this study, we systematically investigated asymmetrical cortical activity in motor areas during sequential finger movement by quantitatively analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses. The norm of BOLD signal percentage of change was introduced to quantitatively measure the BOLD signal intensity change difference between the left and right motor areas. The results of the data collected from six subjects show that the norm of BOLD signal percentage of change in the right motor area is higher than that in the left motor area for two-hand movement (P=.0059) and single-hand movement (P=.0279) with right-handedness. These results from fMRI show the asymmetry of motor areas and may suggest that the left hemisphere motor area comes into being as an adaptation system that needs few neuron cells only to finish any movement task for right-handedness. The activation intensity in the left motor area is reduced with normal right finger movement. The activation intensity in the right motor area is obviously higher than that in the left motor area.     

Ca2+ and cAMP regulations of microtubule sliding in hyperactivated motility of bull spermatozoa

To reach and fertilize the egg, mammalian spermatozoa change their flagellar movement in the female reproductive tract, named hyperactivation. The biochemical analyses of the hyperactivated movement using demembranated spermatozoa defined the factors inducing this peculiar movement; namely, large asymmetrical flagellar movement observed in the early stage of the hyperactivation was induced with a high Ca²⁺ concentration while large symmetrical flagellar movement in the late stage of the hyperactivation was generated with low Ca²⁺ and high cAMP concentrations. Under these conditions, the microtubule sliding of bull sperm flagella was investigated by disintegrating the sperm flagella with MgATP²⁻ after extracting their plasma membrane and mitochondria. The large asymmetrical flagellar movement was caused by a long sliding displacement of a fiber of the doublet microtubules. On the other hand, the large symmetrical flagellar movement was generated by a large amount of microtubule sliding by many doublet microtubules.     

Light-Driven Crawling of Molecular Crystals by Phase-Dependent Transient Elastic Lattice Deformation

The light-driven crawling of a molecular crystal that can form three phases, (α, β, and γ) is presented. Laser irradiation of the molecular crystal can generate phase-dependent transient elastic lattice deformation. The resulting elastic lattice deformation that follows scanning irradiation of a laser can actuate the different phases of molecular crystal to move with different velocity and direction. Because the γ phase has a large Young's modulus (ca. 26 GPa), a force of 0.1 μN can be generated under one laser spot. The generated force is sufficient to actuate the γ-formed molecular crystals in a wide dimensional range to move longitudinally at a velocity of about 60 μm min⁻¹, which is two orders of magnitude faster than the α and β phases.