聚二乙基二烯丙基氯化铵的合成与表征

以二乙基二烯丙基氯化铵为原料采用过硫酸盐水溶液引发体系合成了聚二乙基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDEDAAC).探讨了单体、引发剂和助剂EDTA的浓度及温度对产物的特性粘数和单体转化率的影响,确定了适宜的工艺条件,并用元素分析、FT-IR和1H NMR对产物的结构进行了表征.结果表明,当单体浓度≥3.00 mol/L、引发剂浓度为0.015~0.020 mol/L、EDTA浓度为0.40~0.60 mmol/L、聚合反应温度为50~55℃、反应时间为6 h时,产物的特性粘数可达223 mL/g,单体转化率大于98.00%.     

Diels-Alder reaction volumes in the solid state and solution

The densities of anthracene, tetracyanoethylene, maleic anhydride, N-phenylmaleineimide, trans, trans-1,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-diene, and their Diels-Alder adducts were measured in the solid state and in solution at 25 °C. The reaction volumes in the solid state were calculated from the difference in molar volumes. They turned out to be low, close to each other (–4 to –11 cm³ mol^–1), and slightly different from the reaction volumes (–8±1 cm³ mol^–1) calculated from the van der Waals radii. The reaction volumes in solutions (–15 to –32 cm³ mol^–1) were found from the difference in partial molar volumes of the reactants in dioxane, acetonitrile, and 1,2-dichloroethane, The experimental Diels-Alder reaction volumes in solution are determined not only by the formation of new bonds in an adduct: a considerably higher contribution (to 75%) is made by a change in the volume of intermolecular empty spaces in solution on going from reactants to adducts.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2386–2390, November, 2004.     

四川省重点河段水环境安全性评价

为研究四川省重点河段水环境的安全性,利用综合评价指数法和模糊综合评价决策的数学模型对主要水系干流和支流河段的水质安全性做出了评价.结果显示,岷江流域的水质安全性较差,主要的污染物为重金属汞和铁,沱江和涪江流域的水质安全性较好.     

基于前景理论的药品质量安全监管演化博弈分析

现有药品质量安全监管的相关研究多从理性假设出发探讨政府与企业的互动机理,鲜有考虑企业质量安全意识的有限理性,导致模型对现实的解释能力不足。运用前景理论,通过价值函数和权重函数构建演化博弈的收益前景矩阵,研究了政府和药品生产企业的博弈过程,得到了影响企业质量安全意识的约束条件及因素。同时,研究了上市许可持有人质量激励、惩罚机制对药品生产企业质量安全意识的影响。研究结果表明:过度自信、风险偏好等是影响企业质量安全意识的重要因素;上市许可持有人的质量激励与惩罚能否发挥作用取决于企业的风险态度;在质量激励、惩罚条件下,上市许可持有人需加大监督或惩罚力度来改善企业的质量安全意识。     

LiCoO2/LiNiO2/LiMn2O4材料安全性能的研究

随着锂离子电池的大型化,对电池安全性能的研究显得更为重要。锂离子电池的安全性有不同的测试方法,如进行过充试验和短路试验。在这些安全性试验中,以及在滥用中出现的安全性的问题,大多是由于电池内部温度升高,进而触发了大量放热的副反应[1],引起电池发生爆炸。本文通过对AA     

Effect of molecular orientation distribution and crystallinity on the measurement of the crystal lattice modulus of nylon 6 by x-ray diffraction

The crystal lattice modulus of nylon 6 (-type) was measured by x-ray diffraction using nylon 6 films drawn up to five times. The measured crystal lattice modulus was 173–175 GPa for all specimens whose crystallinity and the Young's modulus were beyond 46% and 3.75 GPa, respectively. These results indicate that a state of homogenous stress can be achieved. In contrast, the values were scattered for the speciments whose crystallinity and Young's modulus are less than the above values. To study the origin, a numerical calculation of the crystal lattice modulus, as measured by x-ray diffraction, was carried out by considering effects on the orientation factors of molecular chains and crystallinity. In this calculation, a previously introduced model was employed, in which oriented crystalline layers are surrounded by oriented amorphous phases so that the strains of the two phases at the boundary are identical. The theoretical results calculated by the introduced model indicated that the crystal lattice modulus by x-ray diffraction is almost equal to the intrinsic crystal modulus if the morphology of the test specimen can be represented as a series model. In contrast, if a parallel model is more appropriate, the difference between the measured modulus and the intrinsic value can be pronounced. Such morphological dependence was found to be less pronounced with increasing high degree of molecular orientation and crystallinity.     

GC-MS监测生活饮用水输配水管材及防护材料中溶出的挥发性有机物

我国的生活饮用水行业中,目前常使用的管材分为金属类管材和非金属类管材两种。由于金属类管材本身的化学特性,行业内必须在此类管材的内壁上进行防腐处理,通常采用一些高分子防腐涂料。可用于给水行业的涂料品种繁多,涂料质量好坏直接影响到水质。我们针对一些常用产品作了浸泡试验,用吹扫捕集-GC-MS方法对水中溶出的可挥发性有机物进行了检测,发现一些产品在水中溶出了大量的甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、甲乙苯等苯系物,且浸泡30d后仍有溶出物。这些物质长期存在会导致人体中枢神经系统紊乱,严重危害人体健康。行业内关于水源水中此类有机物污染的监测比较充分,而对于防护涂料可能污染水质的状况并未引起足够重视。     

Is it safe to have a laboratory test?

A recent US Institute of Medicine report indicated that up to 98,000 deaths and more than 1 million injuries occur each year in the United States due to medical errors. These include diagnostic errors, such as an error or delay in diagnosis, failure to employ indicated tests and the use of outmoded tests. Laboratory tests provide up to 80% of the information used by physicians to make important medical decisions, therefore it is important to determine how often laboratory testing mistakes occur, whether they cause patient harm, where they are most likely to occur in the testing process, and how to prevent them from occurring. A review of the literature and a US Quality Institute Conference in 2003 indicates that errors in laboratory medicine occur most often in the pre-analytical and post-analytical steps in the testing process, but most of the quality improvement efforts focus on improving the analytical process. Measures must be developed and employed to reduce the potential for mistakes in laboratory medicine, including better indicators for the quality of laboratory service. Users of laboratory services must be linked with the laboratorys information system to assist them with decisions about test ordering, patient preparation, and test interpretation. Quality assessment efforts need to be expanded beyond external quality assessment programs to encompass the detection of non-analytical mistakes and improving communication between the users of and providers of laboratory services. The actual number of mistakes in laboratory testing is not fully recognized, because no widespread process is in place to either determine how often mistakes occur or to systematically eliminate sources of error. We also tend to focus on mistakes that result in adverse events, not the near misses that cause no observable harm. The users of laboratory services must become aware of where testing mistakes can occur and actively participate in designing processes to prevent mistakes. Most importantly, healthcare institutions need to adopt a culture of safety, which is implemented at all levels of the organization. This includes establishing closer links between providers of laboratory services and others in the healthcare delivery system. This was the theme of a 2003 Quality Institute Conference aimed at making the laboratory a key partner in patient safety. Plans to create a permanent public–private partnership, called the Institute for Quality in Laboratory Medicine, whose mission is to promote improvements in the use of laboratory tests and laboratory services are underway.Presented at the 9th Conference on Quality in the Spotlight, 18–19 March 2004, Antwerp, Belgium.     

The Use of Adiabatic Calorimetry for the Process Analysis and Safety Evaluation in Free Radical Polymerization

Adiabatic calorimetry is a technique that has been introduced as an important approach to hazard evaluation of exothermically reactive systems. In this paper the free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been studied. One of the most important aspects of MMA polymerization is its exothermicity and autoaccelerating behaviour, these characteristics can generate the occurrence of a runaway reaction.In a runaway situation the reacting system is close to adiabatic behaviour because it is unable to eliminate the heat that is being generated. An even worse situation can be reproduced in the laboratory with the Phi-Tec pseudo-adiabatic calorimeter. Process design parameters that are usually calculated from thermodynamic data or using semiempirical rules, such as adiabatic temperature rise or maximum attainable pressure, can be directly determined.The existence of the ceiling temperature has been experimentally demonstrated.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.