Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment

There is an ongoing probing of the role of chemicals in the indoor environment. The majority of potential target substances are so‐called very volatile, volatile, and semi‐volatile organic compounds (VVOCs, VOCs, and SVOCs). Depending on their physical properties and the mass transfer conditions, they are distributed in or between the gas phase, particle phase, settled house dust, surface films, clothing, and other fabrics as well as the exposed skin and hair of the occupants themselves. Therefore, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal uptake all must be considered as relevant pathways for exposure assessment in human habitats. Exposure to VVOCs, VOCs, and SVOCs can be estimated by measuring their concentrations in relevant indoor compartments or by determining the amounts of the target compounds and/or their metabolites in urine and blood. Assessing the various routes of exposure often requires a combination of sophisticated and interdisciplinary theoretical background and experimental techniques. Consequently, close communication and collaboration between chemical and exposure scientists are needed to achieve a better understanding of human exposure to chemical substances in various indoor environments. Embedded in the toxicological context, this is the basis for assessing the corresponding health risks and for determining control strategies or approaches to limit such risks.     

基于滑模的舰艇无人直升机悬停控制

考虑到小型无人直升机在飞行过程中存在的不确定对无人直升机飞行控制性能的影响,设计了一种基于滑模的非线性鲁棒控制器。首先分析了悬停平衡条件下小型无人直升机的数学模型,然后通过设计滑模面,并结合标称系统的反馈增益,获得了滑模面的设计参数。在此基础上设计了基于指数趋近律的滑模控制器,并利用Lyapunov理论对整个系统的稳定性进行了分析。最后的仿真结果表明:给出的滑模控制策略能够有效地处理模型参数不确定对无人直升机飞行控制性能的影响,验证了该控制策略的有效性。     

金华市地氟病病区摄氟总量调查

金华地区氟污染严重,地氟病病区居民摄氟总量偏高,平均日摄入量可达4.77 mg。饮水和食物是主要的摄氟途径。应该采用综合性的地氟病防治措施,仅仅靠改水是不够的。     

直升机桨叶液压减摆器等效阻尼计算研究

直升机桨叶液压减摆器具有强非线性、大阻尼的特点。为了正确评估减摆器的等效阻尼，就旋转桨叶在水平面内的自由摆振运动，采用基于富里叶分析的移动矩形窗、基于希尔贝特（Hilbert）变换和能量平衡的方法对减摆器的等效阻尼进行了计算研究，并就阻尼强弱、衰减对数曲线的拟合等因素对计算结果的影响进行了分析。结果表明，对于线性阻尼和非线性弱阻尼振动系统，包络衰减法和能量平衡法计算等效阻尼能获得较一致的结果，对于非线性阻尼振动系统来说结果有分散性，应用时须谨慎。     

Elemental Analysis and Nutritional Value of Seaweed from the East Coast of KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

Seaweed, biologically and phycologically referred to as algae, is classified as Rhodophyta (red), Chlorophyta (green), and Ochrophyta (brown). In this study, the concentrations of 13 elements (As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) were investigated for 14 seaweed species of varying classes (Amphiroa bowerbankii, Ceramium virgatum, Dichotomaria tenera, Ellisolandia (Coralline) elongata, Gelidium abbottiorum, Gracilaria canaliculata, Jania rubens, and Jania (Haliptylon) squamata of the Rhodophyta (red); Caulerpa filiformis, Codium capitatum, Halimeda cuneata, and Ulva rigida of the Chlorophyta (green); and Cystoseira myrica and Sargassum elegans of the Ochrophyta (brown) to determine the nutritional value of seaweed based on its medicinal properties, industrial importance, and natural abundance. The elemental distribution in seaweeds was in decreasing order of Ca?>?Mg?>?Fe?>?Cu?>?Mn?>?Zn?>?Cr?>?Co?>?Se?>?As?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cd. All edible species contained high levels of macro and microelements with the corali sp. accumulating high levels of Ca. Of the edible seaweeds characterized, only three (G. abbottiorum, E. (Coralline) elongate and C. virgatum) are suitable for human consumption due to high levels of As, Cd, and Pb present in the other species. These three species are also rich in essential nutrients, specifically C. virgatum, which is high in Cu and Se. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed a clear similarity in distribution of essential and toxic elements in similar classes of seaweed.     

直升机模型旋翼声学试验声信号分析中的抑噪方法研究

将直升机模型旋翼在消声室中进行声学性能测试是研究直升机旋翼噪声特性的一种最有效最直接的方式;在直升机模型旋翼消声室试验中,发现传声器采集到的围绕170 Hz特征频率分布的频带极窄的旋翼声信号上叠加有宽频无用噪声;试验中采集到的声信号信噪比与总距角大小成正比,小总距角时声信号信噪比较小,无用信号成分会掩盖声信号真实信息,必须采用高效的方法去除无用成分并同时最大可能不损坏需要成分;模型旋翼声信号中各成分频带分布不同,信号自相关长度与其分布频带有关,文章指出可以根据信号中各成分之间自相关长度的差异性采用自适应线性预测器把所需信号成分预测分离出来;通过分别对比在总距为0°、6°、10°时声信号与各自处理结果,表明叠加在信号上的无用成分被成功滤除,信号质量得到明显改善。     

以地下土壤为冷源的空气取水实验研究

随着水资源的日益缺乏,如何获取更多的淡水资源越来越得到重视,尤其体现在一些严重干旱地区。为解决干旱地区淡水资源短缺的问题,研究并探索了一种利用沙漠中土壤与大气环境温差来实现空气取水装置。空气中含有大量的水蒸气可以利用,本文为此设计了一种新型空气取水系统,利用温度较为恒定的土壤作为冷源,整个系统使用极低的能耗,通过降温的方式达到空气取水的效果。搭建试验台进行了相关实验,发现系统的取水能力主要受空气温度的影响,通过模型实验与计算的方法确定了空气取水过程中送风速度与冷凝水量的关系式,得出最优风量为11.37 m/s,此时取水系统的取水效率最高。     

直升机旋翼与机身耦合固有频率分析

在分析直升机旋翼挥舞，扭摆，变距运动基础上，应用多体系统动力学建模法建立直升机旋翼与机身耦合的动力学方程。在直升机稳定飞行状态下，对其动力学方程中描述直升机机身刚体运动的参数和旋翼刚体运动的参数进行泰勒展开，做线性化处理，导出直升机旋翼与机身耦合线性化动力学方程，然后计算系统的固有频率。分析计算了一个直升机样机的固有频率，算例表明机身的弹性变形对系统的固有特性有一定的影响。     

内燃机进气道和缸内三维流场数值模拟

内燃机进气道及缸内气体的流动是一种十分复杂的三维湍流运动，对燃油的喷射、混和气体的形成、燃烧和排放有重要影响。利用数值模拟方法是了解气流运动、发展变化规律及气流与燃烧关系的主要手段之一。采用瞬态咬合法模拟气阀和活塞的运动，采用分块划分网格技术形成计算域的整体网格。微分方程的计算求解基于ＫＩＶＡ－３程序，加入以上子程序，计算针对四冲程柴油机的进气过程进行模拟计算。     

船舶侧向进气装置一体化数值研究

不同于以往孤立研究船舶进气装置的研究方法,本文采用三维数值模拟方法结合标准κ-ε模型对侧向进气装置内外流场进行了一体化数值研究。获得了侧向进气装置行驶过程中的气动参数分布以及进气室内部气流分布形态,得出气动损失最大位置,并通过定义总压恢复系数计算了船舶在行驶过程中的阻力分布。