Enhanced Thermal Decomposition Properties and Catalytic Mechanism of Ammonium Perchlorate over CuO/MoS2 Composite

In this report, CuO/MoS₂ composites were successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method where nano‐sized CuO was uniformly distributed on the surface of hierarchical MoS₂ substrates (CuO/MoS₂ composites). Their physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition were investigated and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, TG/DSC and combustion measurement. The results showed that it could decrease AP decomposition temperature at high decomposition stage from 416.5 °C to 323.5 °C and increase the heat release from 378 J/g (pure AP) to 1340 J/g (AP with catalysts), which was better than pure CuO nanoparticles (345.5 °C and 1046 J/g). Meanwhile, it showed excellent performance in combustion reaction either in N₂ or air atmosphere. The results obtained by photocurrent spectra, photoluminescence spectra and time‐resolved fluorescence emission spectra indicated that loading CuO mediated the generation rate and combination rate of electrons and holes, thus tuning the catalytic performance on AP decomposition. This study proved that employing the supports that can synergistically interact with CuO is an efficient strategy to enhance the catalytic performance of CuO.     

Mn-Fe_2O_3载氧体作用下CO化学链燃烧特性及动力学研究

采用共沉淀法制备不同物质的量比Mn掺杂的铁基载氧体(Mn-Fe2O3),并进行XRD、BET和TEM表征。开展不同温度下Mn-Fe2O3与CO的化学链燃烧实验,研究载氧体的反应特性,确定较优的掺杂量和反应温度。结果表明,适量的Mn掺杂有助于改善铁基载氧体的反应活性,Fe∶Mn物质的量为50∶1时燃烧反应转化率最高。多循环化学链燃烧实验证实了载氧体稳定性较好。不同升温速率(30、40、50℃/min)下反应动力学分析表明,Mn-Fe2O3与CO的化学链燃烧还原反应均属于随机成核和随后生长的Avrami-Erofeev方程模型,并依据模型分别计算出了该模型的活化能和频率因子。     

THE GENERALIZED RIEMANN PROBLEM FOR A SCALAR NONCONVEX COMBUSTION MODEL-THE PERTURBATION ON INITIAL BINDING ENERGY

In this article,we study the generalized Riemann problem for a scalar nonconvex Chapman-Jouguet combustion model in a neighborhood of the origin (t ＞ 0) on the (x,t) plane.We focus our attention to the...     

Combustion behaviors of isolated n-decane and ethanol droplets in carbon dioxide-rich ambience under microgravity

The burning and sooting behaviors of isolated fuel droplets for ethanol and n-decane are examined in high concentration of the ambient carbon dioxide under microgravity. A quartz fiber with the diameter of 50 μm maintains the droplet in the center of the combustion chamber and the range in the initial droplet diameter is from 0.30 to 0.80 mm. The ambience consists of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The concentration of oxygen is 21% in volume, and that of carbon dioxide is varied from 0% to 60% in volume. Detail measurements of the projected image of the droplet are conducted by using a high speed video camera and the effective droplet diameter squared are calculated from the surface area of the rotating body of the projected object. From evolutions of the droplet diameter squared, the instantaneous burning rates are calculated. Time history of the instantaneous burning rate clearly represents the droplet combustion events, such as the initial thermal expansion, ignition and following combustion. The instantaneous burning rate for n-decane shows an increasing trend during combustion, while that for non-sooting ethanol remains almost constant or shows a decreasing trend. A slight stepwise increase in the instantaneous burning rate is observed for larger n-decane droplets in air, which may be attributed to soot accumulation. However, this behavior of the burning rate disappears in higher concentration of carbon dioxide. Direct observation of the droplet flame indicates suppression of soot production in higher concentration of carbon dioxide and the suppression is enhanced for smaller droplet.     

Large‐scale Experimental Study on the Effects of Flooring Materials on Combustion Behavior of Thermoplastics

The effects of flooring materials on the combustion behavior of thermoplastics is investigated. Based on the ISO 9705 fire test setup, an experimental rig was designed. Full‐scale experiments of PP combustion were carried out using five flooring boards, namely gypsum, steel, wood, ceramic tile and PVC. The experimental results indicate that the flooring boards play an important role in the heat release rates of typical thermoplastics combustion. Specifically, the time for the sharp increase of heat release rate is generally later for the flooring boards with larger thermal conductivity, except for the case of PVC. Preliminary analyses suggest that the reason for the exception of PVC is the expansion and carbonization of PVC at high temperature. In addition, experimental results also show that the corresponding peak heat release rate of thermoplastics combustion would be generally smaller for the flooring board with a larger thermal mass, except for the case of gypsum. The primary cause for the exception of gypsum may be the heat absorption by the crystal water released from the gypsum during the burning of hot pool oil.     

酒石酸铅锆的制备、表征及其燃烧催化作用

以酒石酸、硝酸氧锆和硝酸铅为原料,合成出了双金属盐酒石酸铅锆,采用有机元素分析、X射线荧光光谱和FTIR对其进行了表征。在程序升温条件下,利用TG/DTG、DSC、固相原位反应池/FTIR联用技术,研究了酒石酸铅锆的热行为和热分解机理,描述了酒石酸铅锆的热分解过程,分析得出其最终分解产物为ZrO2、PbO和C。利用螺压工艺制备了含酒石酸铅锆的推进剂样品,研究了酒石酸铅锆对双基系推进剂燃烧性能的影响,分析了其燃烧催化作用。结果表明,酒石酸铅锆对双基系推进剂的燃烧具有良好的催化作用,是一种高效的燃烧催化剂;酒石酸铅锆热分解的最终产物PbO是催化燃烧的主要活性物质,推进剂燃烧过程中形成了氧化铅-铅循环催化体系,而锆和碳则起辅助催化的作用。     

微波诱导燃烧法合成类花状ZnO纳米材料及其晶体结构、荧光性质研究

以硝酸锌[Zn(NO3)2.6H2O]和尿素[CO(NH2)2]作前驱体,通过微波诱导燃烧技术可控合成具有不同形貌的ZnO纳米晶体,并用热重分析和差热分析进行了研究。对各种生长条件:微波功率,辐射时间和尿素/Zn2+物质的量的比对ZnO纳米晶体形貌的影响作了分析。结果表明:尿素/Zn2+物质的量的比对ZnO纳米材料的形貌具有显著影响。X衍射图表明合成的ZnO纳米结构呈六角形。傅里叶变换红外光谱图中400~500 cm-1处明显的峰为Zn-O的振动峰。ZnO纳米结构的发光光谱在366 nm的带边发射,因缺陷又由许多可见光发射峰组成。用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射研究了花状ZnO纳米结构的增长机理。本方法仅需几分钟就获得的了ZnO纳米结构。     

重度原油注空气低温氧化过程研究(英文)

低温氧化反应对现场燃烧(ISC)技术点火的成功有十分重要的影响.采用高压氧化管,研究了不同温度压力下,新疆克拉玛依重度原油的低温氧化过程.结果表明,温度和压力的变化对低温氧化反应的放热程度、持续时间以及气体产物有明显影响.适合油样低温氧化反应的温度和压力分别为150℃和10MPa.此外,采用纯组分替代原油族组分进行低温氧化实验,研究低温氧化反应对原油族组分(饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质、沥青质)含量的影响.结果表明,原油所含族组分中,芳香烃组分最易被氧化,其含量由氧化前的19.17%减少到12.38%(150℃)和9.51%(250℃).随着低温氧化过程的进行,结构复杂的族组分(胶质、沥青质)的含量明显增加.实验数据对油藏实施注空气技术,以及该技术现场实施条件的确定有十分重要的指导意义.     

Biofuels–Renewable Energy Sources: A Review

Biodiesel is biodegradable and nontoxic, and it significantly reduces toxic and other emissions when burned as a fuel. The advantages of biodiesel as diesel fuel are its portability, ready availability, renewability, higher combustion efficiency, non-toxicity, higher flash point, and lower sulfur and aromatic content, higher cetane number, and higher biodegradability. The major disadvantages of biodiesel are its higher viscosity, lower energy content, higher cloud point and pour point, higher nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, lower engine speed and power, injector coking, engine compatibility, high price, and greater engine wear. The technical disadvantages of biodiesel/fossil diesel blends include problems with fuel freezing in cold weather, reduced energy density, and degradation of fuel under storage for prolonged periods. The sources of biodiesel are vegetable oils and fats. The direct use of vegetable oils and/or oil blends is generally considered to be unsatisfactory and impractical for both direct injection and indirect type diesel engines because of their high viscosities and low volatilities injector coking and trumpet formation on the injectors, higher level of carbon deposits, oil ring sticking, and thickening and gelling of the engine lubricant oil, acid composition. Biodiesel is obtained by transesterifying triglycerides with methanol. A popular variation of the batch transesterification process which needs high alcohol/acid ratio (several separation problems and high corrosivity and toxicity) is the use of continuous stirred tank reactors in series. This continuous process is heterogeneous and is based on reactive distillation. The key factor is the selection of the right and effective solid catalyst which leads to reduction of energy consumption and investments at all.