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31.
From methyl-5-acetylamino-7,8-anhydro-4,9-O-bis-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)-3,5-dideoxy--D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosidonic acid methylester (1) the derivatives1 a and1 b were obtained by removing the 9-O-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)group withBu
4NF, followed by acetylation. Treatment of1 b with 80% acetic acid and acetanhydride/pyridine yields the 8-epi-N-acetylneuraminic acid derivative2 a and the 7-epi-N-acetylneuraminic acid derivative3 a in a ratio of 3:1 (Scheme 1). The structure elucidation of2 b was achieved by converting2 b via the 4,9-bis-O-(tBDMSi)-8-O-tosyl-derivative2 d into the epoxide1 (Scheme 2). Using the same sequence the epoxides4 and5 were transformed into theN-acetylneuraminic acid derivative6 a and the 7,8-bis-epi-N-acetylneuraminic acid derivative7 a (Scheme 3). After treatment with sodium hydroxide and 0.025m HCl and Dowex 50 H+ the 8-epi-, 7-epi- and 7,8-bis-epi-N-acetylneuraminic acids2,3, and7 were obtained. These three compounds were tested withCMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase.
Herrn KollegenK. Schlögl mit den besten Wünschen zum 60. Geburtstag. 相似文献
32.
Solutions of poly(methyl methacrylate) in styrene are used to produce thin polymer films (1m–20m) saturated with styrene monomer. In the illuminated areas refractive index changes up to 10–2 are achieved by photoinduced polymerisation. The index patterns may be fixed by annealing treatments removing the residual monomer.We thank P. Hertel, M. Kopietz, M. D. Lechner and D. Steinmeier for valuable discussions. Financial support of the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
33.
34.
Danielle Giron S. Monnier M. Mutz P. Piechon T. Buser F. Stowasser K. Schulze M. Bellus 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2007,89(3):729-743
Adequate very sensitive quantification methods are needed for the development and are also now required for the monitoring
of undesirable solid form(s) as routine tests. The pre-requisite for quantitation are selectivity, sensitivity and most important
the purity of standards and their proper storage, what is a challenge for metastable forms.
Several analytical techniques are available such as X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, thermal analysis and microcalorimetry.
The different steps of the validation of the analytical methods and problems to be solved are discussed. Examples illustrate
the different techniques and compare their possible advantages and limits. The relative standard deviation of measurements
should allow for checking the homogenization procedure of mixtures for calibration. The validation should be carried out following
ICH guidelines for validation of analytical methods. Comparison of different techniques in adequate concentration range add
confidence in the analytical results. 相似文献
35.
Eulogio Jimenez Luis Romani Maria Inmaculada Paz Andrade Geneviève Roux-Desgranges Jean-Pierre E. Grolier 《Journal of solution chemistry》1986,15(11):879-890
Molar excess volumes V
E
at 25°C have been determined by vibrating-tube densimetry, as a function of mole fraction x for different series of an alkanoate (H
2m+1
C
m
COOC
n
H
2n+1
)+cyclohexane. Three types of alkanoates were investigated, i.e., methanoates (m=0, with n=3 and 4), ethanoates (m=1, with n=2, 3, and 4) and propanoates (m=2, with n=1, 2, and 3). In addition, a Picker flow calorimeter was used to obtain molar excess heat capacities C
p
E
at constant pressure at the same temperature. V
E
is positive for all systems and rather symmetric, with V
E
(x=0.5) amounting to almost identical values in a series of mixtures containing an alkanoate isomer of same formula (say C4H8O2, C5H10O2, or C6H12O2). The composition dependence of C
p
E
is rather unusual in that two more or less marked minima are observed for most of the mixtures, especially when the alkanoate is a methanoate or an ethanoate. These results are discussed in terms of possible changes in conformation of both the ester and cyclohexane. 相似文献
36.
Jiunn-Der?LiaoEmail author Chonyu?Chen Yi-Te?Wu Chih-Chiang?Weng 《Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing》2005,25(3):255-273
High density and well surface-distributed oxygen microwave plasma with an extensible antenna-coupling design was utilized to modify a densely weaved and large-surface-area Nylon-6 fabric within a short treatment time. Plasma pretreatment and subsequent acrylic acid (AAc) or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) grafting process were studied and optimized at the stage after dyed and finished procedure. The monomer-grafted dyed Nylon-6 fabrics evolved lasting hydrophilic properties and thereafter created or improved surface properties such as water diffusion, drainage, moisture regain and water absorbency, in different degrees. The pHEMA-grafted sample exhibited minor effect in color perception, which was also much hydrophilic than the pAAc-grafted one. Based upon surface analyses and wetting assessment, the penetration of HEMA monomer into the plasma-treated fabric matrix contributed to the facilitation of wetting properties. This work accordingly ensures such plasma-induced system to incorporate with the pattern of hydrophilic properties on the analogous textiles without interrupting their finishing process. 相似文献
37.
M. G. Ferreira Da Silva J. M. Fernàndez Navarro 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》1994,2(1-3):895-901
The effect of thermal treatment on the structural incorporation of Cr2O3 in xCr2O3·(100 – x)SiO2 and 5R
n
O·xCr2O3·(95 – x)SiO2 (where x=0.01–1 mol.% and R=Li, Na and Ca) gel glasses was studied by optical absorption spectrophotometry, DTA-TG, XRD and electron microscopy.Samples heat treated at 60°C have green color due to the presence of Cr3+ in octahedral coordination. The optical transmission, and color (yellow, orange or ambar), of the samples heat treated between 200 and 700°C prove that Cr3+ (octahedrally coordinated) and Cr6+ (tetrahedrally coordinated) are both present. Segregation of Cr2O3 take place at temperatures above 800°C.In reducing conditions the gel glasses were green due to the presence of a high content of Cr3+ ions. Samples containing Li or Na show crystalline phases at temperatures below 850°C. 相似文献
38.
C. Y. Zhu R. M. Izatt J. S. Bradshaw N. K. Dalley 《Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry》1992,13(1):17-27
Equilibrium constant (K), enthalpy change (H), and entropy change (S) values have been determined calorimetrically at 25°C in 90%MeOH 10%H2O (v/v) for the interactions of pyridino-18-crown-6 (P18C6) and diketopyridino-18-crown-6 (K2P18C6) with perchlorate salts of ammonium, benzylammonium,-phenylethylammonium,-phenylethylammonium, and-(1-naphthyl)ethyl-ammonium cations. The crystal structure of the complex of P18C6 with benzylammonium perchlorate was determined by X-ray crystallography. The1H 1D and 2D NMR spectra of some of these complexes were used to elucidate their structural features in solution. The logK values for the interaction of the ammonium cations with P18C6 are larger than those with K2P18C6, probably due to the higher degree of structural flexibility of P18C6. Ligand K2P18C6 displays appreciable - interaction with the-(1-naphthyl)ethylammonium cation, but not with the-phenylethylammonium cation.- interaction between ligand and cationSupplementary Data relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No SUP 00000 (22 pages) 相似文献
39.
The photoresponses of Phycomyces, including phototropism and photocontrol of sporangiophore development, are mediated primarily by blue and UV light. Recent results on these two responses indicated a subsidiary role for green light. We have measured in vivo light-induced absorbance changes (LIAC) in mycelial samples of a caroteneless (carB) strain to compare the effectiveness of UV, blue, and green light. In the dual-wavelength kinetic mode of the spectrophotometer, measuring wavelengths of 445 and 470 nm were chosen, because green light produces substantial absorbance changes between these two wavelengths. Fluence-response curves were measured for 13 wavelengths between 365 and 530 nm, and for variable exposure times between 0.5 and 320 s. With one exception (365 nm), the curves were biphasic. The low fluence component was generally sigmoidal with an abrupt rise. The high fluence component failed to reach saturation for the fluences tested (less than 70 μmol m−2 s−1). Using the inferred threshold fluences of these two components as criterion effects, we obtained two action spectra. For the low fluence component, the action spectrum showed major peaks at 394, 450, and 530 nm and a minor peak at 416 nm. The high fluence component action spectrum showed very little sensitivity in the blue region. The major sensitivity was in the near UV, and a relatively small peak appeared in the green part of the spectrum at 507 nm. The biphasic character of the fluence-response curves suggests that two photosystems are responsible for the absorbance changes. The low fluence photosystem is sensitive mainly to blue and UV light and may thus represent a physiological blue-light photoreceptor. The high fluence photosystem is clearly not of this type. It (and perhaps the low fluence system as well) may mediate some of the subsidiary physiological effects of green light. 相似文献
40.
D. Levy F. Del Monte X. Quintana J.M. Otón 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》1997,8(1-3):1063-1066
Liquid crystal microdroplets trapped into silica gel-glasses by sol-gel processes may be used for display applications. Gel-glass
dispersed liquid crystals (GDLC) are switched between opaque and transparent states by applying external AC-voltage signals;
no polarizers are required. The feasibility of applying these materials to colored displays has been explored. A comparative
study of different dyes for GDLC color displays, which were either embedded in the sol-gel matrix or dissolved in the liquid
crystal microdroplets is presented. 相似文献