Prediction of the penetrated rust into the microcracks of concrete caused by reinforcement corrosion

Consider a steel-rust-concrete composite consisting of a circular cylindrical concrete cover and a coaxial uniformly corroding steel reinforcement. Prediction of the amount of rust penetrated into the microcracks of concrete cover from a set of data measured at the surface of the concrete is of particular interest. The steel is assumed to be linear isotropic and rust follows a power law stress–strain relation. For the concrete, anisotropic behavior and post-cracking softening model is employed. The formulations lead to a nonlinear boundary value problem which is solved analytically. A key parameter β, defined as the ratio of the volume of corrosion products inside the cracks to the volume of the cracks, is calculated. With some efforts, this parameter is also extracted from the available theoretical and experimental studies for the purpose of comparison. The effects of the mechanical properties of rust and concrete on β is addressed.     

UV/Vis光谱法研究红子色素的稳定性

本文报导了从红子提取，分离天然色素及酸碱和温度等对该色素稳定性的影响。     

Diode-pumped 593.5 nm cw yellow laser by type-I CPM LBO intracavity sum-frequency-mixing

A design of LD-pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser that generates simultaneous laser action at wavelengths 1064 and 1342 nm by optimizing film design is presented. An optimized continuous-wave (cw) yellow laser at 593.5 nm in room temperature is obtained for the first time. Using type-I critical phase-matching (CPM)LBO crystal, a yellow laser at 593.5 nm is obtained by 1064 and 1342 nm intracavity sum-frequency mixing. The maximum laser output power of 85 mW is obtained when an incident pump laser of 1.8 W is used. The optical-to-optical conversion is up to 4.7%, and the power stability in 24 h is better than ±2.8%.     

LD泵浦Cr∶YAG被动调Q 556nm黄光激光器

通过对谐振腔镜镀制合理的激光薄膜，成功实现了LD泵浦Nd∶YAG 1.111 μm激光谱线的运转.利用LBO腔内倍频Nd∶YAG/Cr∶YAG结构获得了高重复频率被动调Q556 nm全固态黄光激光器，在注入泵浦功率为1.6 W时，得到平均功率51 mW，脉冲宽度48 ns,重复频率8.9 kHz,峰值功率高达119 W的脉冲黄光输出.     

Up to 30 mW of broadly tunable CW green-to-orange light, based on sum-frequency mixing of Cr:forsterite and Nd:YVO4 lasers

Efficient generation of continuous-wave (CW) tunable light in the yellow region is reported. The method is based on sum-frequency mixing of a tunable Cr⁴⁺:forsterite laser with a Nd:YVO₄ laser. A periodically poled lithium niobate crystal was placed intra-cavity in a Nd:YVO₄ laser, and the Cr⁴⁺:forsterite laser was single-passed through the non-linear media. With this setup, it was possible to generate up to 3 mW of yellow light smoothly tunable from 573 to 587 nm. This is the highest output demonstrated to date for a tunable diode pumped solid-state CW laser in this wavelength region. The ways to improve the efficiency further are discussed.     

基于PHI影像敏感波段组合的冬小麦条锈病遥感监测研究

利用ASD地面非成像光谱仪对不同严重度的冬小麦条锈病的冠层光谱反射率进行测定,同时调查病情指数。通过对地面实测的46组病情指数与相应的光谱反射率进行相关性分析,筛选出了小麦条锈病在350～1 500 nm的敏感波段。结合多时相的高光谱航空飞行遥感图像数据的特点和规律,最终选择红波段的620～718 nm与近红外波段的770～805 nm为条锈病在PHI影像上的敏感波段。并利用620～718 nm和770～805 nm的平均光谱反射率与相应的病情指数建立了多元线性回归模型:DI=19.241 R_1—2.207 R_2+12.274,验证结果表明,该模型的历史拟合度很好。并利用此模型最终在PHI影像上成功的实现了对冬小麦条锈病发生程度与发生范围的监测。     

Diode-end-pumped composite Nd:YVO4 yellow laser based on intracavity frequency-doubled self-Raman laser

We report an intracavity frequency-doubled Q-switched self-Raman yellow laser at 587 nm. A composite Nd:YVO₄ crystal was utilized as self-Raman gain medium. The maximum average output power of yellow light obtained was 1.5 W at the incident pump power of 30 W and at a repetition rate of 50 kHz, corresponding to the optical conversion efficiency of 5%. The shortest pulse width, the maximum pulse energy and the highest peak power were measured to be 5.8 ns, 46.7 μJ and 5.9 kW, respectively.     

基于高光谱成像的小麦白粉病与条锈病识别

小麦白粉病和条锈病是我国两种最普遍、最具破坏性的小麦病害,且田间常常混合发生。由于病源和发病机理不同,有必要对这两种病害进行准确区分和识别,以采取不同的防治措施。基于ImSpector V10E高光谱成像系统采集的条锈菌侵染叶片、白粉菌侵染叶片和健康叶片(共计320个)在375～1 017 nm范围内的高光谱图像,利用高斯平滑等预处理方法得到三种小麦叶片的平均光谱曲线,发现小麦白粉病和条锈病的敏感波段均集中在550～680 nm的色素强吸收位置,且趋势基本一致。针对两种病害的响应波段交叉重叠的问题,通过主成分分析-载荷法(PCA)、连续投影算法(SPA)和竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)对小麦叶片的光谱信息进行有效降维,分别优选出3、6、30个敏感波段和特征波长;在此基础上,采用最小二乘-支持向量机和极限学习机两种分类算法分别基于全波段、PCA、SPA和CARS的优选波段,建立白粉病、条锈病和健康叶片的判别模型。结果表明,8种模型的准确识别率均在94.58%以上。其中,主成分分析-载荷法结合极限学习机模型最优,训练集与校正集的正确识别率分别为99.18%和100%,且结构简单,仅含有三个变量(占全波段的1.1%)。最后,通过对小麦白粉病、条锈病以及健康叶片的显微结构分析,发现病菌入侵叶片,破环细胞结构,导致叶绿素含量减少,光合作用效能降低,进而使得小麦在可见光波段光吸收程度减弱,反射率增大。可见,利用作物的高光谱图像信息能够准确地识别不同类型的小麦病害,为研发作物病害在线识别的多光谱系统提供重要的理论依据。     

基于水面光谱数据的官厅水库有色可溶性有机物反演

有色可溶解性有机物(简称CDOM,又称为黄色物质),存在于所有自然水体中,可以用于指示水体有机物污染的状况。相比于常规采样监测方法,基于遥感数据反演CDOM具有重要优势。但是遥感数据反演CDOM的方法通常具有区域局限性,因此需要对不同区域水体进行反演方法的检验和完善。我国北方水体CDOM遥感反演的相关研究较少,选择位于河北省张家口市和北京市延庆区交界的官厅水库为研究区,利用2013年10月26日获取的水面遥感反射率光谱(R_rs(λ))和实验室测得的CDOM吸收系数(a_CDOM(λ))数据,首次进行了CDOM浓度(以440 nm处CDOM的吸收系数(a_CDOM(440))表示)反演。对半解析方法即QAA-CDOM方法进行了检验和改进,并建立了CDOM反演的经验模型。QAA-CDOM方法反演结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.10,平均相对误差σ为10.8%。通过实测数据计算了每个波段的水面以下上行辐照度与辐亮度的比值Q,代替了QAA-CDOM方法中的固定Q值,对QAA-CDOM方法进行改进,反演结果精度仅略有提升,RMSE=0.09, σ=10.2%。同时,用四个遥感反射率的比值与a_CDOM(440)进行回归分析,建立了CDOM反演的经验模型。结果显示R_rs(531)/R_rs(551)与CDOM浓度的相关性最大,决定系数为0.63;基于该波段比值建立的CDOM反演经验模型的反演结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.08,平均相对误差σ为8.8%。经验方法反演结果的精度更高,但需要同步实测数据进行所选波长和模型系数的标定;半解析方法不需要标定,更易于推广。     

HR-ICP-MS研究丰水期黄河甘宁蒙段过滤水和悬浮物中重金属的含量特征和污染评价

为研究黄河甘宁蒙段丰水期过滤水和悬浮物中重金属的含量特征及污染状况,采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS)对黄河甘宁蒙段昭君浮桥 (S1)、包头浮桥(S2)等10个采样点过滤水中六种重金属(Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Cu和Zn)及悬浮物中九种重金属(Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, V, Co, Zn和Mn)的含量特征、污染评价和源分析进行研究。结果表明：(1)过滤水中只有Cr元素含量在所有采样点超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002) 的标准限值,且在10个采样点中均为最高(74.8～94.7 μg·L-1);单因子指数(I_i)评价结果表明除包头浮桥(S2)未受总氮(TN)污染外,其余采样点水质均受Cr元素和TN污染;内梅罗综合指数法(I)得出所有采样点的I值均在1～2之间(轻污染程度),表明黄河甘宁蒙段水质,尤其是下游段(S1～S6)已不是生活饮用水、水产养殖等的理想水源。(2)悬浮物中Ni含量(34.7 μg·L-1) 只在玛曲点(S10)低于中国土壤元素背景值(35.2 μg·L-1),在其余点均高于背景值,而其余八种元素在10个采样点的含量均高于背景值;地累积指数法(I_geo)结果表明九种元素中Cd元素的I_geo值(0.452～2.89)在10个采样点中均为最高值,且在昭君浮桥(S1)、包头浮桥(S2)、乌海(S5)和东大沟入黄河口(S8)这四个采样点处达到中污染-重污染程度,其余八种元素在各采样点的I_geo值均小于1,为无污染或无污染-中污染程度。研究结果为全面研究该流域重金属分布、迁移及有效保护提供可信的实验数据。