样本区间的概率分布

设(X1，X2，…Xn)为服从I=[0,1]上均匀分布的容量为n的简单随机样本，它们将I=[0，1]分隔成(n 1)个样本区间(sample spacing)．记Y0,Y1，…Yn分别为这些样本区间的长度，又设Zx(x,ω)为包含点X∈I的唯一的左闭右开区间的长度．由于随机选取的点集被广泛运用于许多概率模型中．例如流行病学、遗传学、时间序列分析以及交通流理论等．因此，对Zn(x)及其相关统计量分布的研究也就引起了人们的广泛关注．本文利用顺序统计量的性质讨论了Yi(O≤i≤n)以及Zn(x，ω)的概率分布，有利于今后对上述理论的研究。     

根据表面反射特性进行目标探测的波段选择

计算和分析了表面反射特性对选择波段进行目标探测的影响.通过引入正交子空间投影方法，将背景信号从接收到的混合光谱中消除，从而达到压缩背景信号的目的.并在此基础上运用匹配跟踪算法自动地进行优化波段的选择,达到选择最佳波段的目的，从而进行目标探测.在大气外实际目标的探测中，得到了进行大气外目标探测的波段选择与目标表面反射特性的关系.     

水的折射率与波长间函数关系的模型

分析的水的折射率模型，并建立了相应的函数关系式，由对可见区提出的理论推导出了一个简单的三项非线性模型，在覆盖紫外到近红外（200-1100nm)的整个扩展波段上与实测数据吻合良好。     

基于土拱效应的抗滑桩与护壁桩的桩间距分析

抗滑桩与护壁桩分别在滑坡治理和基坑支护中发挥着巨大的作用 ,其实施正是利用了土中的成拱效应 ,然而传统桩的设计虽考虑土拱效应的存在 ,但桩间距确定理论与方法并未建立起来。本文首先基于土体的极限平衡条件对滑坡推力作用下的土体中的成拱作用进行研究 ,得出了抗滑桩的最大桩间距公式 ,并以某一具体工程为例 ,对该最大桩间距的物理意义和可用性进行了讨论。在此基础上 ,给出了在考虑土拱效应的情况下合理桩间距的确定方法 ,并以此为据 ,对边坡加固设计提出一些建议.     

Simulation of crack spacing using a reinforced concrete model with an internal length parameter

Summary A gradient-enhanced smeared crack model and bond-slip interface elements are utilized in finite element simulations of reinforced concrete. The crack model is rooted in an enhanced plasticity theory. It uses the Rankine failure surface dependent on an equivalent inelastic strain measure as well as on its Laplacian. As a result, finitely sized fracture process zones and realistic crack spacings are obtained. A reinforced concrete bar in uniaxial tension is analyzed to demonstrate the regularizing influence of the internal length parameter in the model and to evaluate the influence of the model parameters on the energy dissipation in multiple cracks. A comparison of numerical simulations with experimental results for a beam without shear reinforcement in four-point bending concludes the analysis. Received 4 November 1997; accepted for publication 23 April 1998     

小间距隧道爆破开挖动力效应数值模拟研究

从爆破施工的特点入手，对小间距隧道在采用典型双侧导坑法时的爆破施工动力效应进行了数值模拟研究，给出了爆破施工在已有洞室周边产生的动力效应的一般规律，指出在爆破（后开挖洞室）开挖影响区以内，合理确定已有洞室二次衬砌施作时间的重要性，并给出了爆破施工对已有洞室稳定性影响较大的关键开挖位置。研究表明，爆破动载荷对小间距隧道围岩稳定性的影响主要表现为爆炸应力波造成围岩临空面的反射拉伸破坏，破坏较严重的是已有洞室的迎爆墙、拱脚、拱顶等部位。所得结论对小间距隧道爆破施工有一定的参考价值。     

Temperature sensing using the spectral interference of polarization modes in a highly birefringent fiber

The spectral interference of polarization modes in a highly birefringent (HB) fiber to measure temperature is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. A tandem configuration of a birefringent delay line and a sensing HB fiber is considered and the spectral interferograms are modelled for the known birefringence dispersion of the HB fiber under test. As the delay line, a birefringent quartz crystal of a suitable thickness is employed to resolve a channeled spectrum. The channeled spectra are recorded for different temperatures and the polarimetric sensitivity to temperature, determined in the spectral range from 500 to 850 nm, is decreasing with wavelength. It is demonstrated that the temperature sensing is possible using the wavelength interrogation, i.e., the position of a given interference maximum is temperature dependent. The temperature sensitivity of the HB fiber under test is −0.25 nm/K and the resolution is better than 0.5 K.     

Localized surface plasmon resonance: nanostructures, bioassays and biosensing--a review

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is an optical phenomena generated by light when it interacts with conductive nanoparticles (NPs) that are smaller than the incident wavelength. As in surface plasmon resonance, the electric field of incident light can be deposited to collectively excite electrons of a conduction band, with the result being coherent localized plasmon oscillations with a resonant frequency that strongly depends on the composition, size, geometry, dielectric environment and separation distance of NPs. This review serves to describe the physical theory of LSPR formation at the surface of nanostructures, and the potential for this optical technology to serve as a basis for the development bioassays and biosensing of high sensitivity. The benefits and challenges associated with various experimental designs of nanoparticles and detection systems, as well as creative approaches that have been developed to improve sensitivity and limits of detection are highlighted using examples from the literature.     

The statistical overlap theory of chromatography using power law (fractal) statistics

The chromatographic dimensionality was recently proposed as a measure of retention time spacing based on a power law (fractal) distribution. Using this model, a statistical overlap theory (SOT) for chromatographic peaks is developed that estimates the number of peak maxima as a function of the chromatographic dimension, saturation and scale. Power law models exhibit a threshold region whereby below a critical saturation value no loss of peak maxima due to peak fusion occurs as saturation increases. At moderate saturation, behavior is similar to the random (Poisson) peak model. At still higher saturation, the power law model shows loss of peaks nearly independent of the scale and dimension of the model. The physicochemical meaning of the power law scale parameter is discussed and shown to be equal to the Boltzmann-weighted free energy of transfer over the scale limits. The scale is discussed. Small scale range (small β) is shown to generate more uniform chromatograms. Large scale range chromatograms (large β) are shown to give occasional large excursions of retention times; this is a property of power laws where "wild" behavior is noted to occasionally occur. Both cases are shown to be useful depending on the chromatographic saturation. A scale-invariant model of the SOT shows very simple relationships between the fraction of peak maxima and the saturation, peak width and number of theoretical plates. These equations provide much insight into separations which follow power law statistics.     

波长调制吸收光谱技术的燃气轮机燃烧室温度组分二维分布测量方法

可调半导体激光光谱技术（TDLAS）可实现温度、组分浓度等多参数同时测量,具有体积小、响应速度快、环境适应性高等优点,逐渐成为燃烧流场诊断的主要手段之一。TDLAS光谱测量常采用直接吸收技术和波长调制技术,其中强度归一化的波长调制技术,适合存在振动、湍流等致光束偏转效应和强辐射本底等恶劣应用环境条件的燃气轮机流场参数测量。基于TDLAS技术,开展了1f归一化波长调制技术燃气轮机燃烧室温度、组分浓度参数测量方法研究和实验室验证工作,并在某燃气轮机单喷嘴台架进行了冷态、热态试验验证,实现了燃气轮机燃烧室沿气流方向温度及H₂O、CH₄浓度二维分布测量。采用1f归一化波长调制技术抑制台架振动、热辐射背景噪声,采用1 392,1 469和1 343 nm蝶形封装的DFB激光器,三支激光器的出光方式为时分复用,选取H₂O的7 185.6,6 807.83和7 444.3 cm-1处的吸收线,两两组合使用,测量热态下一定范围内的温度和H₂O浓度;采用1 654 nm蝶形封装的DFB激光器,选取CH₄的6 046.96 cm-1处的吸收线进行冷态CH₄浓度测量。实验室对测量系统可靠性进行验证,配置4%~6%范围内的CH₄气体进行测量并与实际值对比,浓度测量最大相对偏差为3.72%;在高温炉中设定900~1 500 K范围内的温度台阶,充入纯水汽,计算不同设定温度和压力下的温度和浓度测量值,温度测量最大相对偏差3.07%,浓度测量最大相对偏差为-2.00%,验证了该测量系统的可靠性。台架燃气轮机实验中,集成了一套小型化测量仪器,设计多束激光收发一体的测量结构。实验采用两个电动位移台,搭载测量结构,每间隔5 mm逐点移动采样,对燃气轮机燃烧室300 mm×60 mm的燃烧区域进行测量,获取了若干工况下冷热态结果。通过双三次插值的方法绘制分辨率为0.5 mm的二维流场分布图,结果分别反映了测量区域范围内CH₄和火焰分布的真实状态。为燃气轮机喷嘴燃料、空气掺混情况和燃烧特性研究提供了新的研究方法和技术手段。