Synthesis of Some Oil Spill Dispersants Based on Sorbitol Esters and Their Capability to Disperse Crude Oil on Seawater to Alleviate Its Accumulation and Environmental Impact

In this respect mono‐, di‐, and tri‐ sorbitol oleate esters [SMO, SDO, and STO] were prepared and then ethoxylated using ethylene oxide to obtain six sorbitol esters at different ethylene oxide content (e.o=5, 12, 15, 20, 35, and 45). They were tested as oil spill dispersants individually and in blends. From the obtained data, it was found that the blends are more effective than the corresponding individual surfactants. The maximum dispersion capability for the prepared surfactants was obtained at HLB range from 9 to 11 for the both individual surfactants and blends. The increase of total carbon number in the surfactant alkyl group leads to increase dispersion capability of the dispersant. The wide range of ethylene oxide content was used, but the maximum dispersion efficiency was obtained at ethylene oxide=20 in E(20)STO. Meanwhile, the dispersion capability increases when the interfacial tension decreases.     

还原氧化石墨烯基三聚氰胺海绵的制备与吸附性能

以天然石墨为原料,用Hummers法和超声剥离法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO).将氧化石墨烯浸渍,涂覆于三聚氰胺海绵表面,在线还原制得还原氧化石墨烯基三聚氰胺海绵(RGOME).通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)仪及光学接触角测定仪等分析了RGOME的结构,考察了RGOME对多种油品的吸附性能,并对其油水选择吸附性能和循环使用性能进行了研究.结果表明,RGOME具有疏水超亲油性,对油品的吸附量达到56~127 g/g,可用Bangham方程描述RGOME对甲苯和煤油的吸附动力学过程;在选择吸附过程中,油品浓度急剧降低,吸附量不断升高,分离效率达到74.49%,可较好地实现油水分离;吸附油品的RGOME经脱附可多次循环使用.     

囊泡状二氧化硅的合成及油气吸附性能

以正硅酸四甲酯(TMOS)为硅源,P123(EO20PO70EO20)为表面活性剂,在p H=6的磷酸缓冲体系中制备了囊泡状二氧化硅材料.利用乙醇萃取脱除模板剂P123,电镜观测结果表明所得二氧化硅具有大孔囊泡结构,N2吸附结果表明其具有高比表面积和大孔容.通过Boehm滴定法确定了硅羟基数量与吸水率呈正相关.用囊泡状二氧化硅材料与商业化活性炭(AC)和硅胶(SG)对水蒸气、正己烷和油气进行静态吸附.在自建的动态正己烷吸附装置上用对囊泡状二氧化硅材料和商业化AC和SG对正己烷进行动态吸附.吸附结果表明,囊泡状二氧化硅材料的静/动态吸附容量和稳定性都远高于商业化活性炭和硅胶.     

一种可用于光降解的纳米氧化锌油水分离网

通过低温水热法在钢丝网上生长六棱柱形的氧化锌纳米柱.包覆了氧化锌纳米柱的钢丝网具有水下超疏油的特殊浸润性,并可用于油水分离.滤网在室温常压下可对含有汽油、柴油和原油等油水混合物进行高效快速分离,分离效率可达98%以上.材料可以承受1.4 kPa的油层压力且可反复使用.由于氧化锌的光响应性强,滤网可快速降解水中的亚甲基蓝,2 h的降解率可达80%.包覆了氧化锌纳米柱的钢丝网具备同时进行油水分离和降解环境中污染物的能力,是一种新型多功能水处理材料.     

气驱油油气混相过程的界面传质特性及其分子机制

油气混相过程的界面传质特性对气驱提高原油采收率技术非常重要。本文针对吉林某油田的实际油组分,采用分子动力学模拟研究了气驱油过程,分析了不同气体和驱替压力下油气两相的状态变化以及界面特性,获得不同驱替气体的最小混相压力(MMP)。结果表明,随着驱替气体压力的升高,气相的密度逐渐增大,油相膨胀密度降低,气相与油相的混合程度增强,油气两相界面厚度增加,界面张力随之减小。同时发现,驱替相中二氧化碳浓度越高,在同等气体压力下,油气界面更厚,油气混合程度更高。纯CO₂驱油得到的MMP远远小于纯N₂驱油,当这两种气体摩尔比为1 : 1混合时MMP介于两种纯气体之间,说明要达到同样的驱油效果二氧化碳需要的压力更小。最后,本文从分子微观作用力角度解释了驱替气体不同时影响油气混相程度的机制,通过分子平均作用势曲线发现油相分子对CO₂的吸引力要大于N₂分子,因此CO₂分子更容易与油相混合,驱替效果更明显。     

Investigating the generation of ferrous sulfide nanoparticles in the produced fluid after acidizing oil wells and its influence on emulsifying stability between oil and water

Studies show that after acidizing operation of oil wells using the alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding technology, the produced fluid is emulsified. Since the produced emulsion is stable, it affects the oil–water separation performance. In order to analyze the generation of stable emulsion in the produced fluid after acidizing an oil well, innovative separation experiments were carried out on real oil wells. During the experiments, solid particles in the middle layer of the emulsifying system in the produced fluid after acidizing ASP flooding were extracted and characterized. The generation of the stable emulsifying system in the produced fluid was studied through stability experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. The results showed that the synergistic effect of ferrous sulfide nanoparticles and surfactants was the fundamental reason for the strong emulsifying stability of the produced liquid after acidizing of the ternary composite system. The generation of ferrous sulfide solid particles mainly included two steps. First, sulfate reducing bacteria in injected water by ASP flooding reacted with sulfate in formation water to form hydrogen sulfide. Then, the hydrogen sulfide reacted with iron metal in oil wells and casing of wellbore to form ferrous sulfide particles. It was found that surfactants are adsorbed on the surface of ferrous sulfide nanoparticles. Subsequently, the control ability of surfactant on oil and water phases in the liquid film was enhanced. The performed analyses demonstrate that the adsorption of solid particles to the oil phase was enhanced, while the free motion of molecules in the oil phase at the liquid film position was weakened. The strength of the interfacial film between oil and water was further increased by the synergistic effect of ferrous sulfide nanoparticles and surfactant. The present study is expected to provide a guideline for a better understanding of the efficient treatment of produced fluids in ASP flooding.     

Flexible,fatigue resistant,and heat-insulated nanofiber-assembled polyimide aerogels with multifunctionality

Ultralight flexible polymers enable promising application in many fields but are often hindered by low reusability with fatigue failure, weak mechanical stability and low temperature resistance. Here, superelastic polyimide nanofiber aerogels (PNFAs) with high hydrophobicity have been prepared by utilizing the polyamic acid (PAA) nanofibers to construct a continuous and isotropic fibrous architecture. “Fiber-bonding” effect is designed to endow the PNFAs with the structure-derived superelasticity. The results demonstrate that the PNFAs possess ultralight densities (9.7–19.1 mg cm⁻³), excellent absorption capacity (58 times for n-hexane), broad working-temperature range, high resilience after 1000 fatigue cycles at 60% strain, and outstanding thermal insulation performance. Analysis of 50 absorption-harvesting cycle tests reveals that these highly hydrophobic PNFAs possess an ultrahigh reusability. The compressed PNFAs return to their original shape after they are distilled to recover the absorbed pollutants. These PNFAs with high absorption capacity and robust mechanical stability are promising to be applied in a variety of industrial and environmental applications.     

Morphology optimization of solution blow spun polystyrene to obtain superhydrophobic materials with high ability of oil absorption

In this study, Polystyrene based materials, PS, with tailored morphologies are prepared by solution blow spinning, SBS. It is demonstrated that this tailored morphology of PS can be designed through the choice of particular SBS processing conditions. Several SBS processing conditions, including solution concentration, gas pressure and solution feeding rate are changed to consider their individual and combined effects on the final polymer morphology. The morphology of the PS samples is inspected by scanning electron microscopy, SEM. This morphology is analyzed in terms of fiber diameter and relative amount of fibers respect to other morphological features such as lumps or fibers aggregates. Coupling the experimental analysis with the use of Box-Behnken method and the desirability function, particular values of parameters controlling the SBS processing conditions are able to be obtained in order to achieve certain morphologies of PS, in particular, maximum amount of fibers with the minimum diameter. Influence of PS morphology on hydrophobicity and the ability of oil absorption is studied by contact angle measurements. The use of Box-Behnken design together with the desirability function is revealed as a reliable and accurate method for designing polystyrene materials through the optimal election of SBS processing conditions for the production of the polymer with particular morphologies and therefore, with especial performance regarding adsorption and absorption of liquid wastes. SBS PS constituted by the maximum amount of fibers with the shortest diameters lead to superhydrophobic materials with the highest ability of oil absorption for the PS.     

Oil spill identification by high-speed HPLC

The use of high-speed HPLC in oil spill identification problems has been evaluated in terms of analysis time and reliability. The aromatic fraction was analyzed by reverse-phase chromatography on a 3 μm packing, with detection at 210 and 287 nm, in less than 20 minutes. The profiles exhibited by several Spanish and Middle East crude oils were differentiated by simple statistical parameters. The effect of environmental weathering on the samples has also been investigated. An Arabian light crude oil was still identifiable after four months' simulated marine weathering.     

同步荧光光谱方法测定柴油中的溶剂油

同步荧光光谱方法与表面荧光技术结合,研究了柴油中混120#溶剂油的荧光光谱.通过佑发射峰位置蓝移程度可以快速分析出柴油中是否含有120#溶剂油,并发现含有120#溶剂油的柴油其发射峰相对纯柴油的发射峰偏移量与柴油中含有120#溶剂油的百分含量具有一定的关系.通过这种关系可以定性的判断出柴油中掺杂120#溶剂油的多少,这对于分析市场上柴油的真伪、维护市场稳定具有重要的意义.