混合外给电子体环己基甲基二甲氧基硅烷/二苯基二氯硅烷对丙烯聚合的影响

近年来,聚丙烯工业生产的第三代催化剂都使用烷氧基硅烷作外给电子体,不同结构的硅烷作为外给电子体,对丙烯聚合行为的影响研究表明,外给电子体能使聚合物的等规度提高,同时伴随着聚合活性下降,烷氧基硅烷等外给电子体提高等规度的作用,是由于它们选择性地使无规活性中心失活的能力远高于等规活性中心,或使无规活性中心     

Highly sensitive impedance-based propene sensor using stabilized zirconia and zinc oxide sensing-electrode

Aimed at an environmental monitoring of hydrocarbons (HCs), a new-type impedancemetric sensor was fabricated by using an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) tube and ZnO sensing-electrode (SE). The fabricated tubular sensor was examined for detection of low concentrations of propene (C₃H₆) in the presence of 1.35 vol.% H₂O and 400 ppm CO₂ at 600 °C. As a result, it was found that the present sensor could detect the low concentrations of C₃H₆ in the range of 0.05–0.8 ppm and the sensitivity varied linearly with C₃H₆ concentration. In addition, the C₃H₆ sensitivity was almost invariant with the changes in the concentration of water vapor and the interferences to other gases, such as NO₂, NO, H₂, CO and CH₄, were insignificant.     

Na对PtSn/ZSM-5催化丙烷脱氢反应性能的影响

以HZSM-5分子筛为载体, 利用分步浸渍法制得不同Na含量的PtSnNa/ZSM-5催化剂, 用于丙烷脱氢反应. 利用XRD、吡啶吸附红外光谱、NH3-TPD、氢化学吸附、TPR等手段, 研究了Na的添加对PtSn/ZSM-5催化剂物化性质的影响. 结果表明: Na的添加对PtSn/ZSM-5催化剂的反应性能影响明显. 适量Na的添加不仅降低了催化剂中的Brönsted酸中心和Lewis中强/强酸中心, 抑制了积碳的发生, 提高了催化反应的稳定性; 而且提高了催化剂表面的Pt金属裸露度, 增加了反应活性. 当Na含量为1.0%(w)时, 催化剂的丙烯选择性和收率达到最大, 反应30 h后, 丙烷转化率仍然保持很高(36.4%). 继续增加Na含量, 催化剂中的Lewis弱酸中心有所增加, 同时Sn组分易于被还原成Sn0, 丙烷裂解、氢解等副反应增加, 不利于脱氢反应的进行.     

Propylene deep oxidation on the Pt(111) surface: temperature programmed studies over extended coverage ranges

Propylene oxidation was studied on the Pt(111) surface over a wide range of reaction stoichiometries using temperature programmed methods. Reaction of propylene with excess oxygen results in complete oxidation to water and carbon dioxide, with oxydehydrogenation to form water beginning at 290 K. The initiation of skeletal oxidation occurs after water formation begins, except for the highest propylene coverages. A stable dehydrogenated intermediate with a C₃H₅ stoichiometry is formed in the 300 K temperature range during oxidation. Reaction of propylene with substoichiometric amounts of oxygen results in incomplete oxidation with hydrocarbon decomposition dominating after depletion of surface oxygen. Increasing oxygen coverage results in more complete oxidation. Oxidation processes result in water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, while decomposition results in hydrogen, propylene, and propane desorption with some surface carbon remaining. Propylene-d₆ and selectively labeled propylene-3,3,3-d₃ (CH₂CHCD₃) experiments indicated initial water formation results from oxydehydrogenation of one of the olefinic hydrogens. At the highest propylene and oxygen coverages studied, we observed small amounts of partial oxidation which indicate that the vinyl hydrogen is removed initially, resulting in the formation of an adsorbed H₂CCCH₃ intermediate. The partial oxidation products observed are acetone desorbing at 200 K and acetic acid at 320 K. Removal of the first skeletal carbon begins at 320 K, except for the highest propylene coverages. Preadsorption of molecular oxygen limits adsorption of propylene and preadsorption of propylene limits molecular oxygen adsorption at 110 K. Similar oxidation mechanisms are observed following initial adsorption of both molecular and atomic oxygen, which is expected since molecular oxygen dissociates and/or desorbs well below oxidation temperatures.     

FT-IR Study of the Adsorption of Propane and Propene on V2O5/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

It has been observed on the oxidized V₂O₅/γ-Al₂O₃ that C₃H₆ form alkoxides which were converted to acetone during the desorption of adsorbate phase at 373 K. C₃H₈ may form π-complexes on the reduced form of the same catalyst. However, the intensities of the bands in the ad-adsorption of C₃H₈ were very weak as compared with the case of C₃H₈ adsorption. Therefore, it was not reasonable to assign these bands clearly as any of the surface type species.     

Adsorption and separation of propane and propylene by porous hexacyanometallates

The separation capability for mixtures of propane and propylene by porous frameworks representatives of transition metal hexacyanometallates was studied from adsorption data under equilibrium conditions at 273.15 K and from inverse gas chromatography profiles at different column temperatures. Samples of two porous solids were considered; Cd₃[Co(CN)₆]₂, which is representative of Prussian blue analogues (cubic structure) with a porous framework related to vacancies for building block, and Zn₃[Co(CN)₆]₂ (rhombohedral phase) where the porous framework results from the tetrahedral coordination for the Zn atoms. The two materials were found to be able for the mixtures separation, with the highest separation ability for the rhombohedral phase under equilibrium conditions but, in dynamic conditions the cubic one shown a better separation, which was ascribed to a kinetic contribution related to a smaller windows size.     

Formation of 2-hexene by cationic dimerization of propene: an ab initio and density functional theory study

The formation of a 2-hexene radical cation from a propene radical cation and a neutral propene molecule is investigated by means of ab initio UHF and spin projected MP2 calculations, as well as the SVWN and B3LYP levels of density functional theory. A stable addition complex, with loose CC bonds, is found. To proceed from the addition complex to the product, a locally planar transition state must be passed, with a migrating hydrogen located half-way between the donating and the accepting carbon atoms. At the highest computational levels considered, PMP2/6-31G(d,p)//MP2/3-21G and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), this transition state lies approximately 11 and 13 kcal/mol, respectively, above the addition complex. The high barrier is believed to be one reason why radical cation oligomerization of propene has not been detected experimentally, in contrast to the case of ethene, where the corresponding barrier is only a few kcal/mol. Received: 17 December 1996 / Accepted: 12 May 1997     

Polymerization behavior of propene with [t-BuNSiMe2Flu]TiMe2: effects of solvents and cocatalysts

The titanum complex [η¹:η³tert-butyldimethylfluorenylsilyl]-amido)dimethyltitanum ([t-BuNSiMe₂Flu]TiMe₂, Cat.A) was synthesized by an alternatively quicker one pot procedure. Polymerization of propene in the presence of [t-BuNSiMe₂Flu]TiMe₂/dried pure methylaluminoxane (d-PMAO) system at 0 °C was investigated in toluene and heptane. A strong enhancement of productivity was observed in toluene compared to heptane. Polymerization of propene was also investigated with Cat.A in heptane, with different cocatalysts, d-PMAO and dried pure modified methylaluminoxane (d-MMAO), which was prepared from the mixture of trimethylaluminum (TMA) and triisobutylaluminum (TIBA). A 10-fold higher number average molecular weight (M_n) and broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) was obtained with d-PMAO in heptane, even though kinetic features and other parameters signified the living nature of the polymerization process. However, the broadening of MWD was attributed to the poor insolubility of d-PMAO in heptane.     

Effects of organic solvent addition on the epoxidation of propene catalyzed by TS-1

Effects of organic solvent addition on the epoxidation of propene catalyzed by TS-1 were studied. It was found that addition of 1,2-dichloroethane to the reaction increased not only the conversion and utilization efficiency of H₂O₂, but also the selectivity to PO. The origin of the effects was studied through the characterization of the catalysts after the reaction and the influence of organic solvents on the decomposition of H₂O₂ and PO.     

Effect of solvents on propene epoxidation catalyzed by titanium silicalite

Titanium silicalite was prepared using tetrapropylammonium bromide as a template. Propene epoxidation was studied on this catalyst using the mixtures of methanol with water or 2-propanol or acetone and the solvent effect was investigated systematically. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.