高耐压等级聚乙烯管材树脂的研究进展

高耐压等级聚乙烯管材树脂主要用于生产给水管、燃气管及各种工业用管,是一类技术含量较高、市场前景较好的聚乙烯专用树脂。高耐压等级聚乙烯管材树脂多为双峰或多峰结构,采用茂金属催化剂或具有高共聚性能的齐格勒纳塔(Z-N)催化剂双釜或多釜串联聚合生产。本文介绍了高耐压等级聚乙烯管材树脂的分子结构和性能特点,以及制备该类树脂的催化剂和工艺技术,并对国内的相关催化剂及制备技术作了评述。     

夹管电磁阀定量-流动注射分析系统测定海水中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐氮

采用3个夹管电磁阀联用代替传统六通阀的样品定量方法,自制一套多通道流动注射分析仪,并优化了仪器的最佳测试条件,实现了海水中硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量的测定。本分析系统结构简单,性能可靠,测定频率为28个/h。测试结果表明,亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的线性范围(以氮含量计)分别为25～1000μg/L和50～1000μg/L(R≥0.999),检出限分别为1.8和4.8μg/L;加标回收率在94.5%～105.3%之间;加标200.0μg/L的回收实验的相对标准差在1.3%～4.5%之间(n=6)。经t检验分析,本方法与国标方法测定数据无显著性差异,可适用于海水中微量亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐中氮的快速测定分析。     

A parameter-free self-adapting boundary genetic search for pipe network optimization

Commercial application of genetic algorithms (GAs) to engineering design problems, including optimal design of pipe networks, could be facilitated by the development of algorithms that require the least number of parameter tuning. This paper presents an attempt to eliminate the need for defining a priori the proper penalty parameter in GA search for pipe networks optimal designs. The method is based on the assumption that the optimal solution of a pipe network design problem lies somewhere on, or near, the boundary of the feasible region. The proposed method uses the ratio of the best feasible and infeasible designs at each generation to guide the direction of the search towards the boundary of the feasible domain by automatically adjusting the value of the penalty parameter. The value of the ratio greater than unity is interpreted as the search being performed in the feasible region and vice versa. The new adapted value of the penalty parameter at each generation is therefore calculated as the product of its current value and the aforementioned ratio. The genetic search so constructed is shown to converge to the boundary of the feasible region irrespective of the starting value of the constraint violation penalty parameter. The proposed method is described here in the context of pipe network optimisation problems but is equally applicable to any other constrained optimisation problem. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated with a benchmark pipe network optimization example from the literature.     

双极性脉冲电源的平衡变压器技术

北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程(BEPCⅡ)采用的是新型冲击磁铁Slotted Pipe Kicker, 其结构上要求双极性供电. 平衡变压器是实现双极性的关键部件, 是解决脉冲源闸流管阴极可直接接地的绝好技术途径. 平衡变压器是一种具有特殊用途的高压快脉冲变压器, 因此其设计除了要解决高压快脉冲变压器的一般性技术问题外, 还必须着重考虑电流平衡度指标. 通过理论分析、模拟计算和测试实验证明不平衡电流主要由变压器的励磁电流和磁芯涡流损耗等效电流两部分组成. 平衡变压器磁芯材料和几何尺寸选取, 以及原副边导体结构设计是 实现设计指标的关键所在. 样机测试结果与设计计算结果相符, 验证了平衡变压器设计理论的正确性, 且平衡度D<1%达到预定指标.     

Evolution of the double-jumping in pipes conveying fluid flowing at the supercritical speed

Non-linear vibration of viscoelastic pipes conveying fluid around curved equilibrium due to the supercritical flow is investigated with the emphasis on steady-state response in external and internal resonances. The governing equation, a non-linear integro-partial-differential equation, is truncated into a perturbed gyroscopic system via the Galerkin method. The method of multiple scales is applied to establish the solvability condition in the first primary resonance and the 2:1 internal resonance. The approximate analytical expressions are derived for the frequency–amplitude curves of the steady-state responses. The stabilities of the steady-state responses are determined. The generation and the vanishing of a double-jumping phenomenon on the frequency–amplitude curves are examined. The analytical results are supported by the numerical integration results.     

Numerical simulation of heat transfer in a pipe with non-homogeneous thermal boundary conditions

Direct numerical simulations of heat transfer in a fully-developed turbulent pipe flow with circumferentially-varying thermal boundary conditions are reported. Three cases have been considered for friction Reynolds number in the range 180–360 and Prandtl number in the range 0.7–4. The temperature statistics under these heating conditions are characterized. Eddy diffusivities and turbulent Prandtl numbers for radial and circumferential directions are evaluated and compared to the values predicted by simple models. It is found that the usual assumptions made in these models provide reasonable predictions far from the wall and that corrections to the models are needed near the wall.     

Analytical solution for the general mechanochemical corrosion of an ideal elastic–plastic thick-walled tube under pressure

The paper presents analytical solutions for the equal-rate mechanochemical wear of an ideal elastic–plastic thick-walled cylindrical tube subjected to any combination of internal and external pressure. The rates of corrosion at the inner and outer surfaces are supposed to be proportional to the equivalent tensile stress at the surface involved when it exceeds a given threshold. Furthermore, the corrosion rate can decay exponentially with time. The obtained solutions allow to assess the time of the initial yielding at the bore of the tube and the time of fully plastic yielding. Calculations showed that the time of plastic-zone propagation throughout the tube wall can be much greater than the length of the pure elastic stage. The proposed analytical solutions are to be used for design purposes and as benchmark solutions for numerical analysis.     

Three-dimensional dynamics of a cantilevered pipe conveying fluid, additionally supported by an intermediate spring array

In this paper, the three-dimensional (3-D) non-linear dynamics of a cantilevered pipe conveying fluid, constrained by arrays of four springs attached at a point along its length is investigated. In the theoretical analysis, the 3-D equations are discretized via Galerkin's technique. The resulting coupled non-linear differential equations are solved numerically using a finite difference method. The dynamic behaviour of the system is presented in the form of bifurcation diagrams, along with phase-plane plots, time-histories, PSD plots, and Poincaré maps for five different spring configurations. Interesting dynamical phenomena, such as 2-D or 3-D flutter, divergence, quasiperiodic and chaotic motions, have been observed with increasing flow velocity. Experiments were performed for the cases studied theoretically, and good qualitative and quantitative agreement was observed. The experimental behaviour is illustrated by video clips (electronic annexes). The effect of the number of beam modes in the Galerkin discretization on accuracy of the results and on convergence of the numerical solutions is discussed.     

Performance of turbulence models for flows through rough pipes

The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations were solved along with turbulence models, namely k–ε, k–ω, Reynolds stress models (RSM), and filtered Navier–Stokes equations along with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to study the fully-developed turbulent flows in circular pipes roughened by repeated square ribs with various spacings. Solutions of these flows were obtained using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Fluent. The numerical results were validated against experimental measurements and other numerical data published in literature. The performance of the turbulence models was compared and discussed. All the RANS models and LES model were observed to perform equally well in predicting the time-averaged flow statistics. However no instantaneous information can be obtained from the RANS results. Therefore, when a rough overview of the flow process in a pipe roughened by repeated ribs is needed, any one of the RANS models can be of value. On the other hand, the instantaneous as well as time-averaged flows could be studied with more insight using LES, albeit at a cost of CPU effort at least one order higher.