由杉木锯屑生物质制合成气:镍基整体式催化剂的表征及催化性能

以酸处理的蜂窝状堇青石为载体制得了一系列用于生物质热解气制合成气的不同NiO负载量的整体式催化剂,考察了该Ni基催化剂的催化性能.结果表明,酸处理后堇青石载体的比表面积和孔容分别可达156m2/g和0.099m3/g;NiO的负载使得比表面积和孔容急剧减小,并随着NiO负载量的增加而变化不大.NiO负载量对产气组分的影...     

生物质腰果酚磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成及其乳化性能

采用发烟硫酸对生物质腰果酚进行磺化,得到腰果酚磺酸盐表面活性剂;利用红外光谱表征了产物的化学结构;分别采用悬滴法和小液滴法测定了腰果酚磺酸盐水溶液的表面张力和润湿性能,采用分水法测定了产物对液体石蜡的乳化性能,同时考察了氯化钠对乳化性能的影响.结果表明:所制备的腰果酚磺酸盐的临界胶束浓度(cmc)及γcmc分别为3.3...     

基于无人机高光谱特征参数和株高估算马铃薯地上生物量

地上生物量（above-ground biomass, AGB）是评价作物长势及其产量估测的重要指标,对指导农业管理具有重要的作用。因此,快速准确地获取生物量信息,对于监测马铃薯生长状况,提高产量具有重要的意义。于马铃薯现蕾期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期、成熟期获取成像高光谱影像、实测株高（heigh, H）、地上生物量和地面控制点（ground control point, GCP）的三维空间坐标。首先基于无人机高光谱灰度影像结合GCP生成试验田的DSM（digital surface model, DSM）,利用DSM提取马铃薯的株高（H_dsm）;然后利用无人机高光谱影像计算一阶微分光谱、植被指数和绿边参数,进而分析高光谱特征参数（hyperspectral characteristic parameters, HCPs）和绿边参数(green edge parameters, GEPs)与马铃薯AGB的相关性,每个生育期筛选出相关性较高的前7个高光谱特征参数和最优绿边参数(optimal green edge parameters, OGEPs);最后基于HCPs,HCPs加入OGEPs,HCPs加入OGEPs和H_dsm的组合利用偏最小二乘回归（partial least square regression, PLSR）和随机森林（random forest, RF）估算不同生育期的AGB。结果表明：（1）提取的H_dsm与实测株高H高度拟合（R2=0.84,RMSE=6.85 cm,NRMSE=15.67%）;（2）每个生育期得到的最优绿边参数不完全相同,现蕾期、块茎增长期和淀粉积累期OGEPs为R_sum,块茎形成期和成熟期OGEPs分别为Dr_min和SDr;（3）与仅使用HCPs估算AGB相比,使用HCPs加入OGEPs,HCPs加入OGEPs和H_dsm在马铃薯不同生育期可以提高AGB估算精度,且以后者为自变量提高精度的幅度更大;（4）每个生育期利用PLSR和RF估算AGB的建模和验证R2从现蕾期到块茎增长期呈上升趋势,随后开始降低,整体上R2呈先上升后下降的趋势,通过PLSR方法构建的估算AGB模型效果优于RF方法,其中块茎增长期表现效果最好。因此,高光谱特征参数中结合最优绿边参数和株高,并使用PLSR方法可以改善马铃薯AGB的估算效果。     

基于小波分析的马铃薯地上生物量估算

地上生物量（AGB）是作物长势评价及产量预测的重要指标,因此快速准确地估算AGB至关重要。由于传统植被指数（VIs）估算多生育期的AGB存在饱和现象,因此,利用VIs结合基于离散小波转换（DWT）的影像小波分解（IWD）技术提取的高频信息和连续小波转换（CWT）技术提取的小波系数,探究VIs,VIs+IWD和VIs+CWT对于AGB的估算能力。首先,基于无人机平台分别获取马铃薯现蕾期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期的数码影像和成像高光谱影像以及地面实测的AGB数据。其次,利用数码影像通过IWD技术提取3种高频信息和利用高光谱反射率数据通过CWT技术提取小波系数以及构建6种高光谱植被指数。然后,将植被指数、高频信息和小波系数分别与AGB进行相关性分析,并挑选出不同尺度下相关系数绝对值较高的前10波段。最后,以VIs,VIs+IWD和VIs+CWT这3种变量分别使用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）方法构建AGB估算模型,并对比不同模型估算AGB的效果。结果表明: （1）每个生育期选取的6种植被指数、3种高频信息和10种小波系数与AGB的相关性均达到0.01显著水平,整个生育期相关性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中以小波系数得到的相关性最高、高频信息次之,植被指数最低。（2）对比分析每个生育期的3种估算模型,以VIs+CWT为输入变量的估算效果最好,VIs+IWD的估算效果次之,而VIs的估算效果最差,说明基于小波分析构建的模型适用性较广、稳定性较强。（3）每个生育期分别以3种变量利用PLSR方法构建的AGB估算模型均在块茎增长期达到最高精度（VIs：建模R2=0.70,RMSE=98.88 kg·hm-12,NRMSE=11.63%;VIs+IWD：建模R2=0.78,RMSE=86.45 kg·hm-12,NRMSE=10.17%;VIs+CWT：建模R2=0.85,RMSE=74.25 kg·hm-12,NRMSE=9.27%）。通过VIs分别结合IWD和CWT技术利用PLSR建模方法,可以提高AGB估算精度,为农业指导管理提供可靠参考。     

An XAS study of the binding and reduction of Au(III) by hop biomass

Previous studies have shown that hop biomass is capable of adsorbing significant amounts of Au(III) from aqueous solutions. Hop biomass was chemically modified to determine the contributions that the different functional groups on the biomass have on the binding and reduction of Au(III). Previously, performed batch studies showed that Au(III) binding is fast, occurring within the first 5 min of contact and in a pH dependent manner. However, esterified hop biomass behaved in a pH independent manner and the binding was found not to change with changing pH. However, the hydrolyzed biomass had a similar Au(III) binding to the native hops biomass, showing a pH dependent binding trend. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis, XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure), and EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) were used to determine the oxidation state, coordination environment, and the average radii of the gold nanoparticles bound to the hops biomass. The XAS data confirmed the presence of Au(0) in both the native and chemically modified hop biomasses. XANES fittings show that the Au(III) was reduced to Au(0) by approximately 81%, 70%, and 83% on the native, esterified, and hydrolyzed hop biomass, respectively. In addition, the calculation of the particle radius was also in agreement with the results of previously performed transmission electron microscopy studies. The average particle could only be calculated for the native and esterified hops biomass, which showed average particle radii of 17.3 Å and 9.2 Å, respectively.     

Assessing the emerging biorefinery sector in Canada

The biorefinery is a key concept used in the strategies and visions of many industrial countries. The potential for Canadian biorefineries based on lignocellulosic forest and agricultural residues is examined. The sector is described in terms of research interests, emerging companies, and established corporate interests. It is found that the Canadian biorefining sector currently has an emphasis on specific bioproduct generation, and the process elements required for a true sugar-based process are in the research phase. A Canadian national strategy should focus on increasing forest industry participation, and increasing collaboration with the provinces, particularly in western Canada.     

微生物量对印染废水中的基质去除速率的影响

基于Monod方程,引入微生物量函数,建立了考虑微生物量作用的基质去除速率方程,并利用基质去除的零级反应速率求解有关参数.活性污泥好氧处理印染废水时,所需要的微生物量与反应时间密切相关,当HRT为24h,MLSS为2.2g·L-1,基质去除率为83%;而当HRT为12h,要达到相同的基质去除率,MLSS须维持在4.0g·L-1.当MLSS≤2.5g·L-1,基质去除速率与微生物量成正比;当MLSS为4.0g·L-1,基质去除速率约为最大值的86.2%,而且MLSS≥4.0g·L-1,基质去除速率随MLSS的变化不明显.所建立的基质去除速率方程能够较好地反映微生物量对基质去除速率的影响.