生物质超临界水制氢的数值模拟

本文对生物质在超临界水环境下气化制氢过程提出简化的两相流物理化学模型,并利用该模型进行数值模拟.着重讨论了温度、颗粒半径对生成气体摩尔百分比、气化率的影响.数值结果表明,颗粒的半径主要影响生物质颗粒气化分解的速率,而温度主要影响颗粒气化产物进一步生成氢气的过程.颗粒越小,气化分解的速率越快.温度的影响主要集中在气相反应上,使得CO进一步转化为H2.本文的理论和数值结果对实际的制氢过程中的参数控制具有实用价值.     

由生物质合成高密度喷气燃料

高密度喷气燃料是为先进航空航天飞行器而合成的燃料,以生物质基原料制备高密度喷气燃料符合国家可持续发展战略并可拓展燃料来源。本文综述了近年来由生物质基原料制备高密度喷气燃料的研究进展,燃料种类包括链烷烃、带支链的单环烷烃以及多环烷烃,燃料合成原料包括环酮（醇）、呋喃醛（醇）、芳香族含氧化合物（苯酚、苯甲醚、愈创木酚）、蒎烯等生物质及其平台化合物。发动机的推进性能高度依赖于所用燃料的性能,其中,最重要的性能是密度和低温性能。本文总结了典型燃料的性能以讨论分子结构的影响,增加燃料分子中环的个数会增加燃料密度但是也会导致低温性能不期望的变化,引入支链可改善低温性能。同时讨论了烷基化、缩合、加成、加氢脱氧等燃料合成反应涉及的催化剂、反应机理及其调控等关键因素,最后对由生物质基原料合成高密度喷气燃料的发展趋势进行了展望。本文将有助于探索及发展高密度燃料合成的方法及工艺。     

生物质气催化合成甲醇的研究

在高压微型反应装置上进行了生物质气合成甲醇的研究。利用组成为H2/CO/CO2 /N2(体积比)=52.5/21.5/22.8/3.2 的富CO2原料气考察了不同温度、压力和空速条件时甲醇的时空产率和质量分数。结果表明,在所考察的范围内,甲醇的产率和质量分数在260 ℃达到最大。产率和质量分数随反应压力升高而增大,空速增加使产率增大,甲醇的质量分数降低。当p=4 MPa,t=260 ℃,WHSV=5 280 h-1时, 甲醇的时空产率为0.79 g·（mL·h）－１,质量分数为96.2%,与工业合成气相比,分别下降25.8％和1.64％。     

生物质气化发电厂灰渣中微量元素的分布与富集规律

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,研究了生物质气化发电厂灰渣中元素As、Al、Br、Ca、Cd、Cl、Cr、Cu、F、Fe、Ga、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、P、Pb、S、Si、Sr、Ti、Zn在气化器底灰、淋洗器灰和旋风分离器灰中的质量分数,并分析了这些元素在不同粒径3种灰渣中的分布规律。结果表明,大部分极易挥发的元素,如卤族元素、碱金属元素主要在淋洗器中存在,表明了它们在飞灰颗粒中的富集。旋风分离器灰在灰渣中所占比例为10%左右,以粗灰为主,灰中Fe、Si、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd为多;表明了此灰中重金属元素积累。在气化炉底灰中以K、S、Mn、Cu为主。元素随颗粒物粒径大小和元素性质的不同,呈现不同的富集规律。     

Biomass briquette fuel,boiler types and pollutant emissions of industrial biomass boiler: A review

Biomass is considered a renewable and cleaner energy source alternative to fossil fuels. In recent years, industrial biomass boilers have been rapidly developed and widely used in the industrial field. This work makes a review on the fuel types used in industrial biomass boilers, the fuel characteristics and the characteristics of air pollutants emitted from the combustion of industrial biomass boilers and other contents in different studies. However, the existing research still has many deficiencies. In the future, further research on biomass fuel, industrial biomass boiler combustion process and the pollutants emitted by industrial biomass boiler combustion, especially the carbonaceous aerosol emitted by industrial biomass boiler and carbonaceous aerosol optical properties still need to be made. At the same time, the potential harm of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from industrial biomass boiler sources to human health and climate change needs to be studied in depth. This review provides a scientific basis for the accurate evaluation of industrial biomass boilers and the effective prevention and control of various pollutants of industrial biomass boilers.     

The N&P Co-doped Lotus Root Derived Carbon Materials for Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Analysis of Baicalein and Luteolin

The application of biomass-based carbon materials in electrochemical sensing was limited due to their few active sites. So N and P double doped biomass pyrolytic carbon materials were designed in this paper. These gained materials were characterized by a series of characterization test techniques, and used as electrode modification to construct electrochemical sensors to detect baicalein (BA) and luteolin (LU). Under the best test condition, the minimum detectability of BA and LU was (7.8±0.25)×10⁻⁹ mol/L and (7.6±0.24)×10⁻⁹ mol/L (S/N=3), respectively. And the sensor performed well in the Shuanghuanglian oral liquid and the healthy human urine samples.     

Synthesising injectable molecular self-curing polymer from monomer derived from lignocellulosic oil palm empty fruit bunch biomass: A review on treating Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and irreversible degenerative joint disease that most commonly affects individuals in their forties and fifties worldwide due to the continuously increasing life expectancy. Although joint replacement is an effective remedy for severe end-stage OA, the functional outcomes could be unsatisfactory, while the implants might have a limited lifespan. Due to the drawbacks and limitations of the joint replacement approach, bone Tissue Engineering (TE) is one of the promising bone tissue regeneration technologies that aid in cartilage repair and regeneration and has attracted the attention of experts. The advanced development of biopolymers, in particular biopolymer derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB), has been utilised in the fabrication of scaffolds that serve as a crucial component in bone TE. The abundant supply of OPEFB biomass and the increasing trend of converting waste into wealth for environmental sustainability have also provided the opportunity and interest to fully apply biopolymer-derived materials for bone scaffolding and other applications. Therefore, this paper aimed to provide a review of the biopolymers derived from OPEFB for the treatment of OA and other related applications. A brief overview of the biomass sources in Malaysia was presented, followed by a discussion on the chemical compositions and pre-treatment methods of OPEFB by using organosolv pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis for maximum glucose recovery, monomer derived from cellulose OPEFB and synthesizing self-curing polymer scaffold. Additionally, a detailed review of the polymeric biomaterials in bone TE for the fabrication of scaffolds were included in this review. Most importantly, the paper described the potential use of injectable polymeric biomaterials that provide a significant benefit in orthopaedic applications. Overall, this paper provides a perspective on the potential of OPEFB-derived injectable scaffolds as an alternative OA treatment and future bone TE applications.     

Organocatalytic Upgrading of Biomass Derived Building Blocks

The depletion of finite primary fossil fuels we are facing makes necessary a deep metamorphosis in fundamental parts of the chemical industry. A progressive transition from petro-based starting materials toward renewable biomass-derived sources will have to take place in the synthesis of added-value chemicals, important for our everyday life, such as pharmaceuticals, polymers, agrochemicals etc. Moreover, greener processes, carried out under friendlier reaction conditions, must be designed to address current concerns about the climate change and the resulting pressing need to reduce the environmental footprint of chemical processes. To this end, organocatalysis could offer a valuable opportunity for upgrading biomass-derived platform molecules in line with the principles of Green Chemistry. This review presents some of recent and remarkable advancements in this emerging area. Organocatalysis has proven to be an efficient tool to transform low value bio-based renewable platform building blocks into new high value bio-based chemicals, with potential applications as synthetic intermediates, innovative materials and pharmaceutically active compounds.