A technique for mycelial development of ectomycorrhizal fungi on agar media

A technique was established to study ectomycorrhizal fungi on agar media. Petri dishes, 60 mm in diameter, containing 10 mL of culture medium covered with a cellophane disk were used for easy collection of the mycelium after growth. For analysis of fungal biomass production, a sterilized cellophane sheet was placed on the medium’s surface. Inoculation was achieved by placing a mycelial block onto the center of the cellophane sheet and then incubating at 25°C in the dark. Colony radial growth was measured and biomass dry wt was determined. Fresh mycelia were homogenized with 10 mL of acetate buffer (pH 5.5) for enzyme analysis. A crude extract was obtained by adding all culture medium to 90 mL of distilled water and homogenizing in a Potter. Reducing sugars, enzyme concentration, and pH were determined. Three fungal strains, Suillus collinitus, Pisosithus arrhizus, and Hebeloma cylindrosporum, were grown in different culture media (potato dextrose agar or Pintro’s medium). Parameters measured over time included glucose concentration, phosphatase activity, biomass, and pH.     

Multimode-ultrasound and microwave assisted natural ternary deep eutectic solvent sequential pretreatments for corn straw biomass deconstruction under mild conditions

Mild and effective pretreatments are essential to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass so as to reuse cellulose content for value-added products. In this study, sequential multimode-ultrasound and microwave with natural ternary deep eutectic solvent (NATDES) pretreatments were used to deconstruct corn straw and optimized factors such as NATDES, ultrasonic, and microwave parameters. Results indicated that the ultrasound-NATDES or microwave-NATDES pretreatment could remove 37.86% and 52.36% lignin, respectively. When using sequential multimode-ultrasound and microwave assisted NATDES pretreatment, the delignification efficiency increased to 61.50%, and the cellulose content increased from 34.70% to 76.08%. In addition, the delignification of sequential multimode-ultrasound and microwave assisted NATDES pretreatment (under the mild conditions of microwave heating at 60 °C and 60 min) increased to 57.39%, and the cellulose content increased to 59.98%, too. This highlighted the effect of the combined ultrasound and microwave technology. Finally, the microstructural changes of mercury intrusion porosimeters, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy were conducted to confirm the effectiveness of this method to deconstruct corn straw. A mechanism of the deconstruction of corn straw biomass in NATDES with the assistance of the sequential multimode-ultrasound and microwave heating was proposed. This research could open a window for future use of biomass energy by deconstructing lignocellulosic biomasses using environmentally friendly pretreatment methods.     

不同灰化温度下生物质混煤灰的烧结特性研究

选取晋城无烟煤和麦秆作为研究对象,利用压差法烧结温度测定装置测量不同灰化温度下煤和麦秆混合灰的烧结温度,再利用SEM-EDS以及XRD对灰样进行烧结特性分析。结果表明,不论灰化温度高低,随着麦秆的添加,煤和麦秆混合灰的烧结温度都呈现降低趋势,其降低幅度略有差别。灰化温度较低时,煤和麦秆混合灰的烧结温度低于灰化温度较高情况下混合灰的烧结温度。SEM-EDS分析表明,低温灰化得到的样品中出现较多不规则的纤维结构;较高温度下获得的灰样中出现较多致密的球状颗粒,这表明矿物质发生熔融形成球状颗粒。XRD分析表明,低温灰化烧结后的煤和麦秆混合灰样中因含有较多的含钾等碱金属系助融矿物质,导致混合灰样的烧结温度降低。然而,像钙长石等含钙矿物质本身具有较高的熔点,因此,在1 100℃时混合灰样具有较高的烧结温度。     

富氧条件下生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂高选择性还原氮氧化物

研究了富氧环境中生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂选择性还原氮氧化物的性能。结果表明,与煤基（褐煤）活性炭负载钾催化剂相比,生物质基（木屑）活性炭负载钾催化剂表现出高选择性还原NO能力,在2 h恒温稳态实验过程中能够保持80%的NO还原效率,而C-O₂反应活性仅为18%。X射线衍射、比表面积、X射线光电子能谱以及程序升温脱附实验表征结果显示,生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂优异的选择性还原NO性能应归因于炭表面钾物种的高度分散性,这与催化剂的高比表面积以及大量的表面氧基团有关。另外,生物质基炭材料还原NO反应产物中具有较高的CO₂选择性。     

生物质灰对煤焦加氢气化的催化作用

以小麦秸秆、马尾藻和山苦荬等三种富含碱金属和碱土金属的生物质为原料,研究了在500、600和815℃下制得的生物质灰对神府煤焦加氢气化的催化作用。结果表明,随着制灰温度由500℃升高至815℃,灰产量减少,且灰中的碱金属和氯元素的含量降低;当制灰温度达到815℃,生物质灰出现明显的熔融现象;600℃灰样对神府煤焦加氢气化具有较好的催化作用,催化效果随灰样添加比例增大而增强。山苦荬灰催化作用较好,而马尾藻灰催化作用较弱。小麦秸秆灰中较高的硅含量和马尾藻灰中较高的氯含量是其催化作用较弱的主要原因;氯元素会加剧碱金属的挥发,弱化与其结合的碱金属的催化效果,对碱金属催化所产生的抑制作用比相同摩尔数的硅更加明显。     

Biofuel Combustion Chemistry: From Ethanol to Biodiesel

Biofuels, such as bio‐ethanol, bio‐butanol, and biodiesel, are of increasing interest as alternatives to petroleum‐based transportation fuels because they offer the long‐term promise of fuel‐source regenerability and reduced climatic impact. Current discussions emphasize the processes to make such alternative fuels and fuel additives, the compatibility of these substances with current fuel‐delivery infrastructure and engine performance, and the competition between biofuel and food production. However, the combustion chemistry of the compounds that constitute typical biofuels, including alcohols, ethers, and esters, has not received similar public attention. Herein we highlight some characteristic aspects of the chemical pathways in the combustion of prototypical representatives of potential biofuels. The discussion focuses on the decomposition and oxidation mechanisms and the formation of undesired, harmful, or toxic emissions, with an emphasis on transportation fuels. New insights into the vastly diverse and complex chemical reaction networks of biofuel combustion are enabled by recent experimental investigations and complementary combustion modeling. Understanding key elements of this chemistry is an important step towards the intelligent selection of next‐generation alternative fuels.     

抽提物对生物质热裂解机理的影响研究

利用惰性溶剂从生物质中提取得到相应抽提物,在热重红外联用仪上研究了抽提物的热裂解行为,并探讨了其对生物质热裂解的影响。结果表明,因不同种类生物质中木质素结构单元中紫丁香基和愈创木基数量不同,从而导致抽提物成分存在差异,相应的热裂解产物分布也不一致。水曲柳抽提物因含有较多的酚类物质而在热解高温段生成了甲醇和甲烷。相比于原样,抽提残渣反应活化能增加,且主要产物析出时间提前,同时酸类物质和直链烷烃析出量减少,而水、CO2、CO和醛类物质的产量则有所增加。     

离子液体作用下微波辐照生物质快速热解制备生物质油(英文)

以离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯([Bmim]Cl)和1-丁基-3甲基咪唑四氟化硼([Bmim]BF4)为催化剂,在微波加热作用下,研究了稻草和锯屑的热解。微波加热20 min,稻草和锯屑的生物油产率分别为38%和34%。考察了微波加热时间、微波功率和离子液体用量对生物质油产率的影响。当以相同的离子液体为催化剂时,稻草微波热解得到的生物质油产率大于锯屑的。生物油成分主要有糠醛、醋酸和1-羟基-2-丁酮等,其含量主要取决于生物质原料和加入的离子液体的类型。     

生物质间接液化合成燃料二甲醚

在双功能催化剂JC207/HZSM-5上,对流化床内制备的生物质气脱碳后合成二甲醚进行了研究。结果表明,二甲醚时空产率在260℃达到最大;随反应压力升高而增大;随空速的增加,时空产率先增加后降低。同时发现,在合成二甲醚的生物质气中须把生物质气中二氧化碳降低到5%后才可以提高甲醇合成反应速率,进而提高二甲醚合成反应速率。