Arsenic extraction in marine biological materials using pressurised liquid extraction

A pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) procedure, by using methanol/water mixture, was developed for extracting arsenical species from marine biological material (mussel and fish) and standard reference materials (CRMs). A Plackett-Burman 2⁸ × 3/64 designs (PBD) was used as a multivariate strategy for the evaluation of the effects of several variables (MeOH/H₂O solvent mixture, temperature, static time, extraction steps, pressure, mean particle size and diatomaceous earth (DE) mass/sample mass ratio) on the extracting procedure. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was used to determine the total As concentration on the methanolic extracts. The accuracy of the optimised extraction procedure was verified by analysing several CRMs (GBW-08751, BCR-278R and DORM-2). The precision obtained (between 4.5 and 6.2%) was adequate. The extracted arsenic species (mainly arsenobetaine (AsB)) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet cracking and hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-UV-HG-AFS). The analytical performances obtained were adequate for the arsenic speciation in marine biological samples; LOD between 10 and 35 ng g⁻¹. The accuracy was verified for AsB using DORM-2. Finally, the proposed method (PLE followed by HPLC-UV-HG-AFS) was applied to mussel and fish samples.     

Inorganic speciation of As(III, V), Se(IV, VI) and Sb(III, V) in natural water with GF-AAS using solid phase extraction technology

The paper presents a procedure for the multi-element inorganic speciation of As(III, V), Se(IV, VI) and Sb(III, V) in natural water with GF-AAS using solid phase extraction technology. Total As(III, V), Se(IV, VI) and Sb(III, V) were determined according to the following procedure: titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was used to adsorb inorganic species of As, Se and Sb in sample solution; after filtration, the solid phase was prepared to be slurry for determination. For As(III), Se(IV) and Sb(III), their inorganic species were coprecipitated with Pb-PDC, dissolved in dilute nitric acid, and then determined. The concentrations of As(V), Se(VI) and Sb(V) can be calculated by the difference of the concentrations obtained by the above determinations. For the determination of As(III), Se(IV) and Sb(III), palladium was chosen as a modifier and pyrolysis temperature was 800 °C. Optimum conditions for the coprecipitation were listed for 100 ml of sample solution: pH 3.0, 15 min of stirring time, 40.0 μg l⁻¹ Pb(NO₃)₂ and 150.0 μg l⁻¹ APDC. The proposed method was applied to the determination of trace amounts of As(III, V), Se(IV, VI) and Sb(III, V) in river water and seawater.     

Organic acid solutions in the chromatography of inorganic ions VIII. Cation-exchange of Mn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Sc(III), Y(III), Eu(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Yb(III), Ti(IV) and Nb(V) in malate media

Summary The cation-exchange behaviour of Mn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Sc(III), Y(III), Eu(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Yb(III), Ti(IV) and Nb(V) in malate media at various concentrations and pH, was studied with Dowex 50 WX8 resin (200–400 mesh) in the ammonium form. Separation of Fe(III)/Cu(II), Fe(III)/Cu(II)/Zn(II), Fe(III)/Co(II)/Mn(II), Cu(II)/Ni(II)/Mn(II), Fe(III)/Cu(II)/Co(II)/Mn(II), Fe(III)/Cu(II)/Ni(II)/Cd(II), Yb(III)/Eu(III), Sc(III)/Y(III),Sc(III)/Yb(III)/Dy(III) and Nb(V)/Yb(III)/Ho(III) has been achieved, among others.This work was supported by C.N.R. of Italy.     

A comparison of sequential extraction techniques for determining arsenic fractionation in synthetic mineral mixtures

The sequential extraction methods according to Tessier et al. [1], Borovec et al. [2], Zhang and Moore [3] and Hall et al. [4] have been tested for their suitability for arsenic fractionation in samples of artificially prepared mineral mixtures. Mixtures containing different amounts of As-containing phases were prepared so that their compositions corresponded to weathering products on As-bearing ore deposits. A comparison of different procedures on simple mineral mixtures containing calcium arsenate (CaHAsO₄·H₂O), As-bearing goethite (FeOOH) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) showed that only the results of the Hall method satisfactorily correspond to the expected arsenic distribution. A detailed verification of the Hall method was subsequently carried out on most complex synthetic mineral mixtures with varying amounts of As-containing kaolinite and carbonate, calcium arsenate, As-bearing goethite and arsenopyrite. The results confirm that the Hall method cannot be fully employed for an accurate As speciation but may be applied for a route identification of As distribution between "labile", "medium-labile" and "residual" forms in heavily polluted soils.     

Reactions of 2-arsa- and 2-stiba-1,3-dionato lithium complexes with group 4-7 metal halides

The reactions of a range of 2-arsa- and 2-stiba-1,3-dionato lithium complexes with group 4-7 metals have been investigated. These have given rise to several complexes in which an arsadionate acts as a chelating ligand; [V{η²-O,O-OC(Bu^t)AsC(Bu^t)O}₃], [M{η²-O,O-OC(Bu^t)AsC(Bu^t)O}₂(DME)], M=Cr or Mn; or as an η¹-As-diacylarsenide, [MnBr(CO)₄{As[C(O)Bu^t]₂Li(DME)}]₂. In addition, reactions of lithium arsadionates with TaCl₅ have led to metal mediated arsadionate decomposition reactions and arsadionate oxidative coupling reactions to give the known arsaalkyne tetramer, As₄C₄Bu^t₄, and the new tetraacyldiarsane, [{As[C(O)Mes]₂}₂] Mes=mesityl, respectively. The treatment of several lithium arsadionates with [MoBr₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] has also initiated arsadionate decomposition reactions and the formation of the metal carboxylate complexes, [MoBr(CO)₂{η²-O₂C(R)}(PPh₃)₂] R=Bu^t, Ph, Mes. The X-ray crystal structures of six of the prepared complexes are discussed.     

Structure refinement and chemical analysis of Cs3Li(DSO4)4, formerly ‘Cs1.5Li1.5D(SO4)2’

An accurate structure refinement of the deuterated analog of the cesium lithium acid sulfate, formerly identified as ‘Cs_1.5Li_1.5H(SO₄)₂’, has been carried out using neutron diffraction methods. Like the protonated material reported earlier (Merinov et al., Solid State Ionics 69 (1994) 53), the compound is cubic, , however, the correct stoichiometry is Cs₃Li(DSO₄)₄. There are four formula units per unit cell and six atoms in the asymmetric unit. The lattice constant measured in this work is a=11.743(2) Å, comparable to the earlier results. The structure contains one disordered hydrogen bond, formed between O(2) atoms and located on two of the edges of the single LiO₄ tetrahedron. The Li site occupancy is , as is that of the deuterium site. This level of site occupancies is consistent with a structure in which hydrogen bonds are formed only when the lithium site is unoccupied, and explains the otherwise close proximity of the Li and D atoms, 1.394(10) Å. This unusual structural feature furthermore leads to a fixed stoichiometry, as confirmed here by chemical analysis of both the deuterated and protonated materials, despite the partial occupancy of the lithium and deuterium (hydrogen) atom sites.     

HPLC-ICP-MS在紫菜中砷形态分析的应用

通过HPLC－ICP－MS联用技术初步探讨了紫菜中砷的形态；选用了纯水萃取，再用甲醇稀释，用阴离子交换色谱柱经HPLC分离，再用ICP－MS测定，实验发现了2个未知形态色谱峰；该技术将液相色谱的分离技术与ICP－MS高灵敏度的检测方式相结合，具有分离效果好，灵敏度高，耗样量少，速度快，线性范围宽等优点。     

无机多核过渡金属氰化物薄膜修饰电极的新进展

本文对普鲁士兰类无机多核过渡金属氰化物薄膜化学修饰电极的近年发展及其在电催化，电色效应，离子选择性电极和生物活体分析等方面的应用进行了评述，引用文献50篇。     

Analysis and Speciation of Traces of Arsenic in Environmental,Food and Industrial Samples by Voltammetry: a Review

Voltammetric approaches for the determination of arsenic and speciation at trace levels are critically appraised in a review covering the literature from 1970 to 2002. Special attention is devoted to stripping modes and to issues related to the choice of working material and supporting electrolyte. A section is dedicated to the management of real samples and aspects of sample preparation. An extensive compilation, organized by real sample type, gathers essential experimental conditions. Potentiometric stripping analysis is introduced for sake of comparison. The coupling of voltammetric detection or preaccumulation with FIA, chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and ICP techniques is also addressed.     

The Electrochemical Detection of Arsenic(III) at a Silver Electrode

A study of three electrode substrates namely gold, platinum and silver, for arsenic detection via anodic stripping voltammetry is reported. Hitherto it has been accepted that gold is the most suitable metallic surface for use in this context, as suggested by Forsberg and co‐workers (Forsberg, G.; O'Laughlin, J. W.; Megargle, R. G. Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 1586.). We revisit these experiments and find that by switching from hydrochloric acid to nitric acid the oxidation of silver that had previously masked the arsenic stripping signal at this surface is shifted considerably enough to allow a clear, analytically reliable As(III) stripping signal to be detected. In contrast to silver and gold platinum is found to have poor performance as an electrode substrate for arsenic detection. Using ASV a LOD of 6.3×10^?7 M is found for As(III) detection at a silver electrode, similar to that which we have previously reported at a gold electrode (A. O. Simm, C. E. Banks and R. G. Compton. Electroanalysis, 2005, 17, 335.) The use of ultrasound was then investigated to further reduce the LOD, which was found to be 1.4×10^?8 M. Apart from reduced cost of silver it also has an added advantage over gold in that it has a higher hydrogen reduction overvoltage enabling a 100 mV more negative deposition potential to be used before the onset of hydrogen evolution when compared to a gold electrode.