45~#碳钢激光相变硬化层磨损特性的研究

本文在相同条件下对激光相变硬化处理、淬火-回火及未经处理的45~#碳钢的磨损特性进行了对比试验研究。结果表明,激光相变硬化处理明显地提高了材料表面的抗粘着和抗擦伤能力,因而可以使其在一定负荷和往复速度下的耐磨性能提高一个数量级。往复速度(频率)、负荷对激光相变硬化层和淬火-回火试样之磨损率的影响不同:淬火-回火试样的磨损率随着负荷的增大而迅速增大,但相变硬化层在负荷低于294N时的磨损率增加十分缓慢,只有当负荷超过294N之后才迅速增大;淬火-回火试样的磨损率是随往复频率的增大而迅速降低,而相变硬化层的磨损率随着往复频率的增大却是先上升而后下降,但其量值的变化较小,当往复频率高于每分钟500次时,二者的磨损率基本相同。     

STATIC STUDY OF CANTILEVER BEAM STICTION UNDER ELECTROSTATIC FORCE INFLUENCE

I. INTRODUCTION For capacitor-like microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structure[1??6], the voltage betweenthe structure and substrate causes attractive force. The sources of the voltage can be an arti?ciallymounted device[2 , 7??9] or the temporar…     

PARTICLE PROPERTIES—PROMISE AND NEGLECT

We see two major trends in Particle Technology. First, the focus is shifted from unit operations towards functional products, i.e. towards product engineering. Second, modeling will become more and more important. Processes cannot yet be designed from basic molecular understanding. Nanotechnology, however, begins to bridge this gap between molecules and particles and may thus open new ways not only for the production and handling of particulate matter but also for the engineered design of advanced material properties. Starting from the concept of product engineering we investigate the basic preconditions for tailoring nanoparticulate properties, i.e. the control of the particle interactions. Nanotechnology can only be transferred to industrial production if the interactions are effectively controlled. Material and particle properties are essential for predictive models. Although strong tools like MD, DEM or population balance models are available, these models are only predictive if realistic material and particle properties are available which is often not the case. We show for selected examples how particle properties can be obtained by studying the physically relevant elementary processes. The impact breakage behavior of many different materials is described by a master curve. Particle adhesion can be modeled if the roughness of particle and substrate and the Hamaker constant are known. The latter is obtained from adsorption studies.     

On the relationship between the work of adhesion and the critical shear stress for the onset of flow instabilities

The relationship between the critical shear stress for the onset of flow instabilities and the work of adhesion at the interface has been evaluated experimentally for a series of polyolefins on several steels, brasses, and coated steels. The critical shear stress was considerably affected by the chemical nature of the die. Low-surface-energy materials were found to produce smooth extrudates presumably by inducing slippage at the wall. Steel, tungsten carbide, and brass surfaces promoted sharkskin defect at shear stresses above the first critical shear stress. A linear relationship between the critical shear stress and the work of adhesion was found to be valid for values of work of adhesion smaller than approximately 30 mN/m. This indicates that slippage occurs due to a breakdown of the adhesion at the interface. For values of work of adhesion greater than approximately 30 mN/m a stronger interaction at the interface may induce a cohesive failure at the interface and subsequently, extrudate distortions.     

High‐Throughput,Label‐Free Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells on the Basis of Cell Adhesion Capacity

Herein we report a microfluidics method that enriches cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor‐initiating cells on the basis of cell adhesion properties. In our on‐chip enrichment system, cancer cells were driven by hydrodynamic forces to flow through microchannels coated with basement membrane extract. Highly adhesive cells were captured by the functionalized microchannels, and less adhesive cells were collected from the outlets. Two heterogeneous breast cancer cell lines (SUM‐149 and SUM‐159) were successfully separated into enriched subpopulations according to their adhesive capacity, and the enrichment of the cancer stem cells was confirmed by flow cytometry biomarker analysis and tumor‐formation assays. Our findings show that the less adhesive phenotype is associated with a higher percentage of CSCs, higher cancer‐cell motility, and higher resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs.     

Hydrolysis and grafting of dimethylalkoxysilanes onto stainless steel

The grafting of trialkoxysilane molecules should also give rise to the formation of a siloxane network at the substrate's surface when trialkoxysilanes are used. Other candidates that might be able to act as adhesion promoters at metallic surfaces are dimethylalkoxysilanes. The advantage of dimethylalkoxysilanes is that only one silanol group is produced during the hydrolysis step, leading to the formation of a grafted monolayer onto the steel. Moreover, the chemical grafting of stainless steel, which exhibits a low surface reactivity, is of great interest for industrial applications such as adhesive bonding or coatings. The objective of this work was to chemically graft dimethylalkoxysilanes onto AISI 316L stainless steel and to analyze the grafted layer by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Investigation of the hydrolysis of these molecules in aqueous solutions was also performed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR). The grafting of 3‐(ethoxydimethylsilyl)propylamine (APDES) and 3‐glycidoxypropyldimethylethoxysilane (GPDES) was achieved onto stainless steel after a controlled hydrolysis reaction. A pH inferior or equal to 5 was necessary to obtain a sufficient hydrolysis of silanes. XPS results have evidenced the grafting of the silanes onto stainless steel. The signal of the Si 2p peak clearly showed the formation of a covalent bond between APDES and the stainless steel surface through the O atoms giving rise to a uniform layer of adsorbed molecules. Moreover, this grafted layer is strongly stable as no removal of the alkoxysilane was observed after immersion in hot water which is very critical for these molecules. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

玫瑰花状氢氧化钴的结构和浸润性

在没有任何表面活性剂条件下,通过简单的方法首次合成了玫瑰花状β-Co(OH)₂微晶。玫瑰花状β-Co(OH)₂微晶宽3~5μm,厚2~3μm,是由平均厚度为15nm的纳米片所组成。玫瑰花状β-Co(OH)₂组成的薄膜的接触角为158.5°±1.2°,表面处于任意的角度,水滴都不会滴落。     

Thermomechanical behavior of underfill/solder mask/substrate interface under thermal cycling

With the increasing application of flip-chip technology in the microelectronics industry, the adhesion strength of interfaces in flip-chip microelectronic structures has become an important issue for manufacturing and operation. In this paper we present an experimental investigation of the adhesive strength of underfill material to solder mask coated FR-4 substrate under thermal cycling. The effects of the number of thermal cycles on interfacial strength were investigated by using the button shear test. The relationship between interfacial strength and the thickness of solder mask was also examined. Furthermore, the morphologies of fracture surfaces of the test specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results of this study show that the interfacial strength of the underfill/solder mask/substrate joint was significantly reduced by thermal fatigue. Finally, the degradation behavior and possible mechanisms were then determined on the basis of these observations.     

MEASUREMENT OF ADHESION FORCES IN AIR WITH THE VIBRATION METHOD

The vibration method represents a practical method for the measurement of adhesion forces and adhesion force distributions. This method causes sinusoidally altemating stresses and yields detachment and contact forces between particles and substrate of the same order of magnitude. Alternating contact forces of the vibration method can cause an adhesion force intensification through flattening of asperities. The measuring principle of the vibration method and the analysis of experimental results are described in the article. Normal adhesion forces (pull-off forces) are measured using the vibration method and the colloidal probe technique. The results of both methods show good agreement for small particle sizes. The influence of the detachment force direction is shown by comparing tangential and normal adhesion forces measured using particle reentrainment in a turbulent air flow and the vibration method, respectively. The surface roughness of the substrate and the relative humidity are shown to significantly influence the measured adhesion forces. For the calculation of the adhesion forces, an approach by Rabinovich was combined with approximations of plastic micro asperity flattening. The Rabinovich approach accounts for roughness effects on the van der Waals force by incorporating the rms roughness of the interacting surfaces. rms-values of the particles and substrates were measured with atomic force microscopy at different scanning areas.