Three-dimensional simulation of long-wavelength free-electron lasers with helical wiggler and ion-channel guiding

A three-dimensional simulation of a steady-state amplifier model of a long-wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) with realizable helical wiggler and ion-channel guiding is presented. The set of coupled nonlinear differential equations for electron orbits and fields of TE 11 mode in a cylindrical waveguide are solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta algorithm with averages calculated by the Gaussian quadrature technique. Self-fields and space-charge effects are neglected, and the electron beam is assumed to be cold and slippage is ignored. The parameters correspond to the Compton regime. Evolution of the radiation power and growth rate along the wiggler is studied. Ion-channel density is chosen to obtain optimum efficiency. Simulations are preformed for the FEL operating in the neighborhood of 35 GHz and 16.5 GHz for the electron beam energies of 250 keV and 400 keV, respectively. The result of the saturated efficiency was found to be in good agreement with the simple estimation based on the phase-trapping model.     

Modeling of terahertz radiation emission from a free‐electron laser

In this article, we report the generation of terahertz (THz) radiation using the interaction of a laser‐modulated relativistic electron beam (REB) with a surface plasma wave. Two laser beams propagating through the modulator interact with the REB, leading to velocity modulation of the beam. This results in pre‐bunching of the REB. The pre‐bunched beam travels through the drift space, where the velocity modulation translates into density modulation. The density‐modulated beam, on interacting with the surface plasma pump wave, acquires an oscillatory velocity that couples with the modulated beam density to give rise to a nonlinear current density which acts as an antenna to give THz radiation. By optimizing the parameters of the beam and the wiggler, we obtain power of the order of 10⁻⁴ using the current scheme.     

磁场预增强的锥型波荡器

研究了波荡器磁场增强对提高自由电子激光器效率的影响。模拟计算发现采用磁场增强波荡器能使自由电子激光器的效率提高到１７．６％，采用磁场预先增强而后又增弱的锥型波荡器则能获得高达４３．３￥的输出效率，自由电子激光器的功率得到进一步的提高。     

毫米波自由电子激光的数值模拟和实验的比较

从波导管毫米波自由电子激光器的设计要求出发,根据Livermore实验室FRED程序的物理思想,编制了空间三维的数值模拟程序(WAGFEL)。为了检验程序的可靠程度,结合ELF装置的实际参数,进行了数值模拟并和实验结果进行了比较。结果表明,把Wiggler磁场B_w增大300 Gs后,WAGFEL程序的模拟结果和Livermore实验室的实验结果基本符合。模拟使用的全部参数,除B_w增大300Gs外,都是ELF的实际参数。模拟时峰值磁场B_w=4050Gs,实验测量峰值磁场B_w=3720Gs,相差在8％左右。WAGFEL程序可以用来从事毫米波自由电子激光器的设计以及基本物理问题的研究。     

Interaction of a relativistic dense electron beam with a laser wiggler in a vacuum: self‐field effects on the electron orbits and free‐electron laser gain

Employing laser wigglers and accelerators provides the potential to dramatically cut the size and cost of X‐ray light sources. Owing to recent technological developments in the production of high‐brilliance electron beams and high‐power laser pulses, it is now conceivable to make steps toward the practical realisation of laser‐pumped X‐ray free‐electron lasers (FELs). In this regard, here the head‐on collision of a relativistic dense electron beam with a linearly polarized laser pulse as a wiggler is studied, in which the laser wiggler can be realised using a conventional quantum laser. In addition, an external guide magnetic field is employed to confine the electron beam against self‐fields, therefore improving the FEL operation. Conditions allowing such an operating regime are presented and its relevant validity checked using a set of general scaling formulae. Rigorous analytical solutions of the dynamic equations are provided. These solutions are verified by performing calculations using the derived solutions and well known Runge–Kutta procedure to simulate the electron trajectories. The effects of self‐fields on the FEL gain in this configuration are estimated. Numerical calculations indicate that in the presence of self‐fields the sensitivity of the gain increases in the vicinity of resonance regions. Besides, diamagnetic and paramagnetic effects of the wiggler‐induced self‐magnetic field cause gain decrement and enhancement for different electron orbits, while these diamagnetic and paramagnetic effects increase with increasing beam density. The results are compared with findings of planar magnetostatic wiggler FELs.     

Electron acceleration in the inverse free electron laser with a helical wiggler by axial magnetic field and ion-channel guiding

Electron acceleration in the inverse free electron laser (IFEL) with a helical wiggler in the presence of ion-channel guiding and axial magnetic field is investigated in this article. The effects of tapering wiggler amplitude and axial magnetic field are calculated for the electron acceleration. In free electron lasers, electron beams lose energy through radiation while in IFEL electron beams gain energy from the laser. The equation of electron motion and the equation of energy exchange between a single electron and electromagnetic waves are derived and then solved numerically using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The tapering effects of a wiggler magnetic field on electron acceleration are investigated and the results show that the electron acceleration increases in the case of a tapered wiggler magnetic field with a proper taper constant.     

自由电子激光的单粒子理论及其应用

本文建立了圆极化摇摆场自由电子激光的单粒子理论,导出了电子未扰轨道及其稳定性判据和自由电子激光单程增益的表达式。单程增益由三项构成,其中第一项即自由电子激光不稳定性的增益与动力学理论得到的指数增益相符。第二项和和三项表明存在一对新的不稳定性——正不稳定性和负不稳定性。该理论没有对电子未扰轨道纵向速度作任何假设,不仅可以更合理地用于常规自由电子激光的研究,而且可以用于短周期摇摆器弱相对论自由电子激光研究。后者由于电子未扰轨道纵向速度比较低,已有的单粒子理论中所作的电子纵向速度约等于光速的假设不再成立。借助数值分析,我们发现:(1)稳定轨道Ⅱ的弱导引场区域也出现了动力学理论描述过的与自由电子激光互作用机理相悖的现象。(2)正不稳定性和负不稳定性在稳定轨道Ⅰ的导引磁场临界值附近可能严重影响自由电子激光的工作。(3)可以使用较弱的短周期摇摆场和较强的导引场产生高频率高增益相干受激辐射。     

新型高谐波分量摇摆器的研究

分析了提高摇摆器中谐波场分量的方法，提出了一种新型谐波摇摆器Ｕ形谐波摇摆器，并对其参数进行了优化。讨论了在Ｕ形谐波摇摆器中的电子轨迹和自发辐射谱。设计和制作了６个周期的模型以验证理论，并对模型进行了测量。     

Dispersion relation and growth rate for a corrugated channel free-electron laser with a helical wiggler pump

The effects of corrugated ion channels on electron trajectories and spatial growth rate for a free-electron laser with a one-dimensional helical wiggler have been investigated. Analysis of the steady-state electron trajectories is performed by solving the equations of motion. Our results show that the presence of a corrugated channel shifts the resonance frequency to smaller values of ion channel frequency. The sixth-order dispersion equation describing the coupling between the electrostatic beam mode and the electromagnetic mode has also been derived. The dispersion relation characteristic is analyzed in detail by numerical solution. Results show that the growth rate of instability in the presence of corrugated ion channels can be greatly enhanced relative to the case of an uniform ion channel.     

A dedicated small‐angle X‐ray scattering beamline with a superconducting wiggler source at the NSRRC

At the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), which operates a 1.5 GeV storage ring, a dedicated small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) beamline has been installed with an in‐achromat superconducting wiggler insertion device of peak magnetic field 3.1 T. The vertical beam divergence from the X‐ray source is reduced significantly by a collimating mirror. Subsequently the beam is selectively monochromated by a double Si(111) crystal monochromator with high energy resolution (ΔE/E? 2 × 10^?4) in the energy range 5–23 keV, or by a double Mo/B₄C multilayer monochromator for 10–30 times higher flux (～10¹¹ photons s^?1) in the 6–15 keV range. These two monochromators are incorporated into one rotating cradle for fast exchange. The monochromated beam is focused by a toroidal mirror with 1:1 focusing for a small beam divergence and a beam size of ～0.9 mm × 0.3 mm (horizontal × vertical) at the focus point located 26.5 m from the radiation source. A plane mirror installed after the toroidal mirror is selectively used to deflect the beam downwards for grazing‐incidence SAXS (GISAXS) from liquid surfaces. Two online beam‐position monitors separated by 8 m provide an efficient feedback control for an overall beam‐position stability in the 10 µm range. The beam features measured, including the flux density, energy resolution, size and divergence, are consistent with those calculated using the ray‐tracing program SHADOW. With the deflectable beam of relatively high energy resolution and high flux, the new beamline meets the requirements for a wide range of SAXS applications, including anomalous SAXS for multiphase nanoparticles (e.g. semiconductor core‐shell quantum dots) and GISAXS from liquid surfaces.