Analysis of ginseng root and leaf by multiple columns and detections liquid chromatography

Abstract

A multiple columns and detections liquid chromatography system, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), for the analysis of macromolecules and micromolecules in ginseng root and leaf was developed. The columns were connected by two switching valves. Macromolecules were separated on a SEC column (TSK gel SuperMultipore PW-H column, 6?mm× 150?mm, 8?μm) by isocratic elution of 50?mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution, 0.3?mL/min of flow rate and detected by evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Micromolecules were analyzed on a Poroshell RP column (Agilent Poroshell 120?SB-Aq column, 4.6?mm × 50?mm, 2.7 µm) with gradient elution of water and acetonitrile, 0.6?mL/min of flow rate and detected by ultraviolet detection (UV). As a result, in the macromolecules chromatogram of ginseng root sample showed two main peaks while only one major peak for ginseng leaf. For micromolecules analysis, 17 compounds (3 nucleosides + 14 saponins) and 17 compounds (3 nucleosides + 1 flavonoid + 13 saponins) were found in ginseng root and leaf, respectively. The developed method is helpful for the quality evaluation of ginseng root and leaf.     

Ellipticity of the Linearly Polarized He-Ne Laser Radiation Reflected by the Leaves of Plants

The phenomenon of elliptical polarization of the linearly polarized radiation reflected near the Brewster angle by the leaves of plants has been investigated. It has been shown that the appearance of ellipticity is associated with the complex structure of the cuticle.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 236–240, March–April, 2005.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel green tea essential oil nanoemulsion and its antifungal mechanism of action against Magnaporthae oryzae

Blast is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of rice caused by Magnaporthe oryzae. Plant essential oil (EO) can function as antifungal agents and are regarded as a safe and acceptable method for plant disease control. However, EOs are unstable and hydrophobic, which limits its use. In the present study, we aimed for the preparation and characterization of a nanoemulsion (NE) from green tea essential oil (GTO) by ultrasonication method and determined the antifungal activity of NE on M. oryzae. The particle size and zeta potential of the NE were 86.98 nm and −15.1 mV, respectively. The chemical composition and functional groups of GTO and NE were studied by using GC–MS analysis, portable Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR coupled with chemometric analysis. GC–MS analysis showed the major components in GTO and NE were n-Hexyl cinnamaldehyde and L-α-Terpineol. Both GTO and NE showed good antioxidant activity and total phenol content. Moreover, the NE showed good antifungal activity against M. oryzae which was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. Also, confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM) revealed the antifungal mechanism of GTO and NE on M. oryzae which proves the cell damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the antifungal activity of GTO and NE against M. oryzae and also the use of CRM for the evaluation of the chemical changes in single fungal hyphae in a holistic approach. This study suggests that the prepared NE could be a potential candidate for use as a substitute for synthetic fungicides.     

基于柑橘皮渣纳米多孔碳分散固相萃取-气相色谱法 测定果蔬中14种有机磷农药残留

以废弃柑橘皮渣为碳源,通过ZnCl2活化后高温煅烧制备了纳米多孔碳材料(NPC),将其作为吸附剂,建立了分散固相萃取净化、气相色谱法测定果蔬中有机磷农药残留的方法.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱及氮气吸附分析(BET)等表征显示,NPC是无定形的多孔碳材料,孔径大小为0~15 nm,比表面积和孔体积分别为1243 m2/g和1.28 cm3/g.以果蔬中14种有机磷类农药为分析对象,考察了吸附剂的用量和净化时间,并将NPC与商业化材料N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、十八烷基硅胶键合相(C18)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)进行了对比.结果表明,NPC最佳使用量为0.01 g,净化时间只需2 min.NPC成本远低于C18、PSA和GCB,因具有丰富的孔道结构,NPC净化效果显著优于3种商业化材料.在最优条件下,14种有机磷农药在0.02~1.0 mg/L范围内的线性关系良好(R2>0.99),检出限(S/N=3)为0.63~5.30μg/kg.3个添加水平下的平均回收率为71.3%~114.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.9%~12.9%.本方法操作简便、快速、成本低,在果蔬样品前处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Evaluation of the effects of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus on inoculated citrus plants using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and chemometrics tools

This study investigated the organic and inorganic constituents of healthy leaves and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)-inoculated leaves of citrus plants. The bacteria CLas are one of the causal agents of citrus greening (or Huanglongbing) and its effect on citrus leaves was investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) combined with chemometrics. The information obtained from the LIBS spectra profiles with chemometrics analysis was promising for the construction of predictive models to identify healthy and infected plants. The major, macro- and microconstituents were relevant for differentiation of the sample conditions. The models were then applied to different inoculation times (from 1 to 8 months). The models were effective in the classification of 82-97% of the diseased samples with a 95% significance level. The novelty of this method was in the fingerprinting of healthy and diseased plants based on their organic and inorganic contents.     

超临界CO_2萃取桑叶总黄酮工艺的研究

采用超临界CO2萃取桑叶总黄酮,以得率为指标,对萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂乙醇的浓度和流量等影响因素进行正交试验。结果表明最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力35 MPa,温度55℃,乙醇质量分数90%,乙醇流量0.01 mL/min。此条件下桑叶总黄酮得率2.28%。该方法简便、可靠、选择性高,适于工业化生产。     

Study on the racemization of synephrine by off-column chiral high-performance liquid chromatography

In this study, the racemization kinetic parameters of R-(−)-synephrine, the active phenethylamine alkaloid of Citrus aurantium L., were determined by means of an off-column HPLC method. Enantioseparation was carried out in different buffer solutions and solvents on a chiral stationary phase (CSP) with cellobiohydrolase as the chiral selector (Chiral-CBH, 100 mm × 4.0 mm i.d., 5 μm). The mobile phase was 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0)-2-propanol (95:5, w/w), with 50 μM disodium EDTA, at 0.8 mL/min. The column was thermostatted at 20 °C and detection was set at 225 nm. The influence of pH value, ionic strength, temperature and addition of organic modifier on the rate constant, the half-life of racemization and the free energy barrier of racemization of R-(−)-synephrine were determined. Among the different chemical and physical parameters evaluated as affecting the racemization of naturally occurring R-(−)-synephrine, pH, temperature and addition of an organic co-solvent appear to have the strongest effect, while ionic strength does not exert a significant influence on the racemization rate. The results of the present study indicated that synephrine racemization is possible at high temperature at both acidic and basic pH values; therefore, the extraction procedure of R-(−)-synephrine from the plant material should be carried out under specific conditions to preserve the stereochemical integrity and the biological activity of this secondary metabolite.     

银杏叶中硒与多糖的季节分布

银杏叶中总硒和各种溶解形态硒含量随着季节而变化,实验研究了不同采摘期银杏叶中总硒及不同溶解态硒含量分布.7月、9月和霜降之后采摘的银杏叶总硒的含量分别为1.873,2.136,0.815 mg·kg-1,硒的形态以水溶态硒为主.银杏叶粗多糖含量分布依次为9月＞7月＞11月.7月份采集的银杏叶中得到粗多糖为棕褐色固体粉末...