Aggregation number of aqueous sodium cholate micelles from mutual diffusion measurements

With reported values ranging from about 3 to 16, the aggregation number of aqueous sodium cholate micelles is not well established. To provide new information on the aggregation of a bile salt, Taylor dispersion is used to measure the binary mutual diffusion coefficientD of aqueous sodium cholate at concentrations from 0.001 to 0.100 mol-dm^-3 at 25°C. The results are compared with calculatedD values based on the association equilibrium nCholate^- + βnNa⁺ ⇋ (NaβCholate) _n ^(β-1)n wheren is the aggregation number and β is the degree of sodium counterion binding. Fitting the association model to the diffusion data givesn = 3.9±0.6 and β = 0.21 ±0.08. In contrast to the drop inD with increasing concentration of sodium cholate, the diffusion coefficients of sodium dodecylsulfate and other long-chain ionic surfactants increase above the critical micelle region. The ent diffusion behavior of the surfactants is related to changes in the driving forces and mobilities caused by ion association.     

The mutual catalytic effect in kinetic reactions and its application to simultaneous determination of binary components

The mutual catalytic effect between iron(II) and antimony(III) on the chromium(VI)-iodide kinetic reactions has been studied by stopped-flow FIA. The concept of mutual catalytic coefficient is defined. The deviations from additive principles of absorbance within certain concentration ranges in previous procedures can be compensated effectively, by introducing the mutual catalytic coefficient into the simultaneous determination of a binary mixture with stopped-flow-FIA method. The linear concentration ranges have been enlarged, 0–3.5 g/ml Fe(II) and 0–3.7 g/ml Sb(III) compared with 0–1.2 g/ml Fe(II) and 0–2.0 g/ml Sb(III) without use of the coefficient. Iron and antimony contents in wastewater, a simulated sample and a zinc standard were determined, the recoveries and relative standard deviations being, respectively, 99.8–101.3% and 2.7–3.6% for iron and 95.4–100.3% and 2.3–5.3% for antimony compared with 95.2–98% and 3.0–4% for iron and 96–104% and 4.5–4.8% for antimony, assuming additivity.     

An information-theoretic characterization of partitioned property spaces

A methodology, derived by analogy to Shannon’s information-theoretic theory of communication and utilizing the concept of mutual information, has been developed to characterize partitioned property spaces. A family of non-intersecting subsets that cover the “universe” of objects represents a partitioned property space. Each subset is thus an equivalence class. A partition and it’s associated equivalence classes can be generated using any one of a number of procedures including hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering, direct approaches using rough set methods, and cell-based partitioning, to name a few. Thus, partitioned property spaces arise in many instances and represent a very large class of problems. The approach is based on set-valued mappings from equivalence classes in one partition to those in another and provides a coarse-grained means for comparing property spaces. From these mappings it is possible to compute a number of Shannon entropies that afford calculation of mutual information, which represents that amount of information shared by two partitions of a set of objects. Taking the ratio of the mutual information with the maximum possible mutual information yields a quantity that measures the similarity of the two partitions. While the focus in this work is directed towards small sets of objects the approach can be extended to many more classes of problems that can be put into a similar form, which includes many types of cheminformatic and biological problems. A number of scenarios are presented that illustrate the concept and indicate the broader class of problems that can be handled by this method.     

Taylor dispersion measurements at low electrolyte concentrations. I. Tetraalkylammonium perchlorate aqueous solutions

An equipment for the determination of mutual diffusion coefficients using the Taylor's dispersion technique is described. The radius of the capillary was determined with the help of various calibration methods. Diffusion coefficients of aqueous tetraalkylammonium perchlorates, Me₄NClO₄, and Et₄NClO₄, were measured at 25°C in the concentration range 10^–3 to 5×10^–2 mol-dm^–3, and the slightly soluble Pr₄NClO₄ up to 1×10^–2 mol-dm^–3. The slope of linear plots ofD vs. is in agreement with theory, in contrast to the limiting valuesD ₀, which all deviate by about –5% from the Nernst-Hartley values.     

Equilibrium and Transport Properties of Sodium n-Octyl Sulfonate Aqueous Solutions

Measurements of osmotic coefficients, mutual diffusion coefficients, and conductivity were performed on the binary system sodium n-octyl sulfonate (C₈SO₃Na)–water at 25°C both below and above the micellar composition range. The osmotic coefficient data were obtained through vapor-pressure osmometry, while the Taylor dispersion method was used to measure diffusion coefficients. The mass equilibrium model was applied to this self-aggregating system, taking into account the deviation of the activity coefficients from the Debye–Hückel limiting law by using the Guggenheim corrective terms for mixed electrolyte solutions. The expressions derived from the model fit the experimental osmotic and diffusion coefficient data well, when the same values of aggregation number, fraction of condensed counterions, and equilibrium constant are used. Osmotic coefficients were also used to determine the thermodynamic factor required to compute the solute mobility from diffusion data. Conductivity data were used to test two theoretical models, namely, the Onsager–Fuoss and the Mean Spherical Approximation theories. Both models have been found to yield unsatisfactory fits to our experimental data and some arbitrary terms had to be applied to the theoretical expressions to obtain good agreement between experiment and theory.     

Mg~(2+),Li~+//SO_4~(2-)-C_2H_5OH-H_2O体系在25℃的等温互溶度和相关系

某些有机溶剂加入无机水盐体系能较大地改变无机盐在水溶液中的溶解度 ,反之 ,某些盐类也可显著地影响双液系组分之间的相对挥发度 ,这方面的理论研究和应用研究已有较多报道[1 ,2 ] 。利用一些有机溶剂的强盐析作用 ,以期实现对某些混合盐类的分离和纯化 ,在盐卤工业等领域具有很重要的意义。Ｎｉｋｏｌｓｋａｙａ等[3] 和潘焕泉等[4] 分别测定了三元系Ｌｉ2 ＳＯ4 Ｃ2 Ｈ5ＯＨ Ｈ2 Ｏ在不同温度 (- 2 0～ 5 0℃ )下的互溶度 ,没有发现该体系产生分层现象 ,确定了各温度下的平衡固相皆为Ｌｉ2 ＳＯ4·Ｈ2 Ｏ。Ａｒａｖａｍｕ ｄａｎ[5] 及…     

Mutual synchronization behavior for chaotic systems via limited capacity communication channels

Several important properties of chaos synchronization of bidirectional coupled systems remain still unexplored. This article investigates synchronization behavior for chaotic systems subject to states quantization. Based on the invariance principle of differential equations, an adaptive feedback scheme is proposed to strictly synchronize chaotic systems via limited capacity communication channels. Furthermore, it is important to point out that the mutual synchronization behavior for bidirectional coupled systems is determined by the amount of transmitting information and the initial states of coupled systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 335–342, 2016     

一种新的中文文本分类特征提取的研究

特征提取是中文文本分类中的关键,传统的互信息算法没有考虑特征存在负值时,互信息量对分类的影响,因此削弱了这些特征在分类中的作用.首先提出一种改进的互信息算法,对特征和类的互信息量取绝对值的方法来克服这个缺点.然后实现了基于传统互信息KNN算法和改进互信息FV-KNN算法的两种中文文本自动分类系统.最后实验结果表明改进互信息FV-KNN算法在分类准确率、分类招回率和分类速度上都有较大的提高.     

NiMoS/γ-Al2O3上二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫和喹啉加氢脱氮反应的相互影响

在固定床高压微反装置上,考察了预硫化型NiMoS/γ-Al2O3催化剂上二苯并噻吩(DBT)加氢脱硫(HDS)反应和喹啉加氢脱氮(HDN)反应之间的相互影响.结果表明,喹啉对DBT的HDS反应具有强烈的抑制作用,其中对加氢路径比氢解路径的抑制作用更强,这是由喹啉及其HDN反应的中间产物与DBT在活性位上的竞争吸附造成的.在300和340℃时,喹啉对DBT的HDS反应中氢解路径的抑制程度与其HDN中间产物的相对含量紧密相关.而DBT能够提高喹啉的脱氮能力,这源于其HDS产物H2S.H2S促进了催化剂表面硫阴离子空穴向B酸位的转化,从而提高了喹啉HDN中间产物分子的C(sp3)-N键的断裂能力.HDN活性相的保持不需要过多的硫原子.     

A PARAFAC estimator for MIMO radar under direction-dependent mutual coupling

Among the various research branches in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, Direction finding is an interesting topic and has attracted extensive concerns. However, many previous strategies are only effective to deal with scenarios without model error, such as well-calibrated sensor array, which is unrealistic in practice. This paper revisits the direction finding issue in a bistatic MIMO radar, in which the direction-dependent mutual coupling (MC) effect in both the transmitting array and the receiving array are considered. An estimator based on parallel factor (PARAFAC) decomposition is introduced. Benefit from the fact that the multidimensional structure of the tensor measurement can be explored, the proposed PARAFAC estimator can offer closed-form solution to direction finding without additional pairing calculation, so it is much more accurate and efficient than the state-of-the-art spectrum search method and the rotational invariance algorithm. The improved PARAFAC approach is mathematically analyzed in detail, Several computer trials are carried out to show the theoretical advantages.