Mass spectrometry imaging as a tool for surgical decision‐making

Despite significant advances in image‐guided therapy, surgeons are still too often left with uncertainty when deciding to remove tissue. This binary decision between removing and leaving tissue during surgery implies that the surgeon should be able to distinguish tumor from healthy tissue. In neurosurgery, current image‐guidance approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with neuronavigation offer a map as to where the tumor should be, but the only definitive method to characterize the tissue at stake is histopathology. Although extremely valuable information is derived from this gold standard approach, it is limited to very few samples during surgery and is not practically used for the delineation of tumor margins. The development and implementation of faster, comprehensive, and complementary approaches for tissue characterization are required to support surgical decision‐making – an incremental and iterative process with tumor removed in multiple and often minute biopsies. The development of atmospheric pressure ionization sources makes it possible to analyze tissue specimens with little to no sample preparation. Here, we highlight the value of desorption electrospray ionization as one of many available approaches for the analysis of surgical tissue. Twelve surgical samples resected from a patient during surgery were analyzed and diagnosed as glioblastoma tumor or necrotic tissue by standard histopathology, and mass spectrometry results were further correlated to histopathology for critical validation of the approach. The use of a robust statistical approach reiterated results from the qualitative detection of potential biomarkers of these tissue types. The correlation of the mass spectrometry and histopathology results to MRI brings significant insight into tumor presentation that could not only serve to guide tumor resection, but that is also worthy of more detailed studies on our understanding of tumor presentation on MRI. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fast parallel detection of feline panleukopenia virus DNA by multi‐channel microchip electrophoresis with programmed step electric field strength

A multi‐channel microchip electrophoresis using a programmed step electric field strength (PSEFS) method was investigated for fast parallel detection of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) DNA. An expanded laser beam, a 10× objective lens, and a charge‐coupled device camera were used to simultaneously detect the separations in three parallel channels using laser‐induced fluorescence detection. The parallel separations of a 100‐bp DNA ladder were demonstrated on the system using a sieving gel matrix of 0.5% poly(ethylene oxide) (M_r = 8 000 000) in the individual channels. In addition, the PSEFS method was also applied for faster DNA separation without loss of resolving power. A DNA size marker, FPV DNA sample, and a negative control were simultaneously analyzed with single‐run and one‐step detection. The FPV DNA was clearly distinguished within 30 s, which was more than 100 times faster than with conventional slab gel electrophoresis. The proposed multi‐channel microchip electrophoresis with PSEFS was demonstrated to be a simple and powerful diagnostic method to analyze multiple disease‐related DNA fragments in parallel with high speed, throughput, and accuracy.     

Self‐assembly of Carbon Particles as a Heat Sink Coating to Promote Radiative Cooling

Novel composite carbon particles are developed that can self‐assemble as a coating on a substrate without a binder. These carbon particles were used as a coating to enhance thermal dissipation and their thermal conductivity, surface emissivity and cooling performance were measured. Carbon particles with both thiol and epoxy functional groups self‐assembled to form a coating on the surface of a heat sink without a binder, which greatly improved the thermal conductivity of the coating. Coating a heat sink with the carbon particles yielded a higher thermal conductivity and emissivity than could be obtained with the addition of binder in the conventional approach, and significantly enhanced the cooling performance. In addition, the cooling performance of the carbon nanotube outperformed all other particles when coated on a substrate, because it had the highest thermal conductivity and good radiation emissivity. We developed an equation to describe the various parameters affecting the cooling performance of the thermally dissipative coating. This equation was confirmed by the experimental data.     

基于CAN总线的某型数字化战车自动测试系统设计

针对现代数字化战车电气与电子系统技术复杂、各分系统关联程度高、维修保障困难等问题,设计了一种基于CAN总线的数字化战车自动测试系统;整体设计基于模块化思想,充分利用车载备用总线,综合运用了DSP+FPGA控制处理技术、AFPN智能故障诊断技术,能够对车载电气与电子系统进行分系统独立测试和全系统联合检测,具有快速故障定位能力和拓扑适应能力;采用适配器与上位机测试软件的分体式设计,实现了平台物理资源复用。应用表明,该系统能够较好的适用于现代数字化战车的维修保障,使用方便,故障诊断快速有效。     

基于多区域代理的分布式故障诊断方法

军用大型复杂装备组成涉及多个子系统或多个装备,故障诊断涉及上百个分散测试点数据采集和分离模块的诊断推理。传统装备采用集中测试和诊断方法,配套测试系统结构设计复杂、系统故障诊断算法效率低。本文基于D-矩阵故障诊断原理,提出基于多区域Agent的分布式故障诊断结构模型和区域Agent数据协同、区域Agent测试结果仲裁等问题的解决办法,并以某型舰船装备为例,验证了基于多区域代理的分布式故障诊断技术的有效性。     

Time-dependent optimization of a multi-item uncertain supply chain network: A hybrid approximation algorithm

We consider the uncertain least cost shipping problem. The input is a multi-item supply chain network with time-evolving uncertain costs and capacities. Exploiting the operational law of uncertainty theory, a mathematical model of the problem is established and the indeterminacy factors are tackled. We use the scaling idea together with transformation approach and uncertainty programming to develop a hybrid algorithm to optimize and obtain the uncertainty distribution of the total shipping cost. We analyze the practical performance of the algorithm and present an illustrative example.     

A Ti3C2TX/Pt–Pd based amperometric biosensor for sensitive cancer biomarker detection

The detection of cancer biomarkers is of great significance for the early screening of cancer. Detecting the content of sarcosine in blood or urine has been considered to provide a basis for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, it still lacks simple, high-precision and wide-ranging sarcosine detection methods. In this work, a Ti₃C₂T_X/Pt–Pd nanocomposite with high stability and excellent electrochemical performance has been synthesized by a facile one-step alcohol reduction and then used on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with sarcosine oxidase (SO_x) to form a sarcosine biosensor (GCE/Ti₃C₂T_X/Pt–Pd/SO_x). The prominent electrocatalytic activity and biocompatibility of Ti₃C₂T_X/Pt–Pd enable the SO_x to be highly active and sensitive to sarcosine. Under the optimized conditions, the prepared biosensor has a wide linear detection range to sarcosine from 1 to 1000 µM with a low limit of detection of 0.16 µM (S/N = 3) and a sensitivity of 84.1 µA/mM cm². Besides, the reliable response in serum samples shows its potential in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. More importantly, the successful construction and application of the amperometric biosensor based on Ti₃C₂T_X/Pt–Pd will provide a meaningful reference for detecting other cancer biomarkers.     

近红外二区活体荧光成像在肿瘤诊疗中的应用

由于具备组织穿透深度深和时空分辨率高等优势, 近年来近红外二区(Near-infrared-Ⅱ, NIR-Ⅱ, 1000~1700 nm)荧光成像技术得到了快速发展, 其在肿瘤临床诊断和治疗的潜力更是引发了广泛关注. 本文首先阐释了NIR-Ⅱ窗口荧光成像的原理及其优势, 随后根据结构分类归纳总结了现有荧光团的特征, 重点介绍了荧光探针在性能优化上的进展以及在肿瘤早期检测、 术中导航和光疗中的应用, 最后讨论了现有NIR-Ⅱ 荧光探针的局限以及临床转化面临的挑战, 并对未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

载酶纳米催化体系用于疾病诊疗的研究进展

酶作为一种具有高度特异性和高效性的催化剂, 可在细胞器中通过复杂有序的生化反应调节细胞的代谢过程. 受细胞区隔化结构的启发, 仿生设计纳米酶催化体系、 构筑限域酶催化微环境从而提高酶催化活性的研究为酶催化应用开辟了新思路. 纳米催化体系保留了小尺寸、 大比表面积、 肿瘤部位选择性富集等优势, 在疾病的诊疗方面发挥了巨大的优势. 本文首先总结了天然酶、 模拟酶和级联酶体系的催化机理, 对仿生构筑的纳米酶催化材料的载体体系进行了概述, 介绍了纳米酶催化体系在生物成像方面的应用, 讨论了其在相关代谢类疾病的作用途径, 并对纳米酶催化体系用于生物诊疗的发展前景进行了展望.     

A short review on latest developments in catalytic depolymerization of Poly (ethylene terephathalate) wastes

Chemical recycling of plastic wastes is top among the effective management of the solid wastes. Particularly the post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic wastes mainly generated from the disposal of beverage bottles and placed third most produced polymeric waste. However, PET wastes could be chemically recycled using several types of homo-/heterogeneous acid or base catalysts, and an effective recycling process has yet to be achieved. Therefore, the present short review is intended to display recent reports on the depolymerization of PET polymer wastes. The review aimed to cover glycolysis and aminolytic depolymerization using various catalytic systems. There is a wide spectrum of catalytic systems such as metal oxides, ionic liquids, organic bases, nanoparticles, porous materials and microwave-assisted rapid depolymerization methods have been developed toward the yield enhancement of the depolymerized products. Ideologically, the present review would benefit the researchers in familiarizing themselves with the latest developments in this field.