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71.
Santiago MB Vélez MM Borrero S Díaz A Casillas CA Hofmann C Guadalupe AR Colón JL 《Electroanalysis》2006,18(6):559-572
We present a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified using the electron mediator bis(1,10‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione)(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(phend)2bpy]2+) exchanged into the inorganic layered material zirconium phosphate (ZrP). X‐Ray powder diffraction showed that the interlayer distance of ZrP increases upon [Ru(phend)2bpy]2+ intercalation from 10.3 Å to 14.2 Å. The UV‐vis and IR spectroscopies results showed the characteristic peaks expected for [Ru(phend)2bpy]2+. The UV‐vis spectrophotometric results indicate that the [Ru(phend)2bpy]2+ concentration inside the ZrP layers increased as a function of the loading level. The exchanged [Ru(phend)2bpy]2+ exhibited luminescence even at low concentration. Modified CPEs were constructed and analyzed using cyclic voltammetry. The intercalated mediator remained electroactive within the layers (E°′=–38.5 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, 3.5 M NaCl) and electrocatalysis of NADH oxidation was observed. The kinetics of the modified CPE shows a Michaelis–Menten behavior. This CPE was used for the oxidation of NADH in the presence of Bakers' yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. A calibration plot for ethanol is presented. 相似文献
72.
A study of the electrocatalytic oxidation of aspirin on a nickel hydroxide-modified nickel electrode
The electrocatalytic oxidation of aspirin has been investigated on a nickel oxide-modified nickel electrode in alkaline solution.
The process of oxidation and its kinetics have been investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy techniques and also steady-state polarization measurements. Voltammetric studies have indicated that
in the presence of aspirin, the anodic peak current of low-valence nickel species increases, followed by a decrease in the
corresponding cathodic current. This indicates that aspirin was oxidized on the redox mediator immobilized on the electrode
surface via an electrocatalytic mechanism. The rate constant of the catalytic oxidation of aspirin and the electron transfer
coefficient have been found to be 1.15×105 cm3 mol−1s−1 and 0.49, respectively. Impedance measurements show that aspirin is diffused into the bulk of the modifier film, and the
oxidation process of aspirin occurs in the bulk of nickel oxide film. It has been shown that by using this modified electrode,
aspirin can be determined with a detection limit of 4.8×10−5 and successfully applied for determination of aspirin in tablet. 相似文献
73.
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76.
Jean-Claude Yakoubsohn 《Numerical Algorithms》1995,9(2):223-244
We give a new theorem concerning the convergence of Newton's method to compute an approximate zero of a system of equations. In this result, the constanth
0=0.162434... appears, which plays a fundamental role in the localization of good initial points for the Newton iteration. We apply it to the determination of an appropriate discretization of the time interval in the classical homotopy method. 相似文献
77.
The Modified Barrier Functions (MBF) have elements of both Classical Lagrangians (CL) and Classical Barrier Functions (CBF). The MBF methods find an unconstrained minimizer of some smooth barrier function in primal space and then update the Lagrange multipliers, while the barrier parameter either remains fixed or can be updated at each step. The numerical realization of the MBF method leads to the Newton MBF method, where the primal minimizer is found by using Newton's method. This minimizer is then used to update the Lagrange multipliers. In this paper, we examine the Newton MBF method for the Quadratic Programming (QP) problem. It will be shown that under standard second-order optimality conditions, there is a ball around the primal solution and a cut cone in the dual space such that for a set of Lagrange multipliers in this cut cone, the method converges quadratically to the primal minimizer from any point in the aforementioned ball, and continues, to do so after each Lagrange multiplier update. The Lagrange multipliers remain within the cut cone and converge linearly to their optimal values. Any point in this ball will be called a hot start. Starting at such a hot start, at mostO(In In
-1) Newton steps are sufficient to perform the primal minimization which is necessary for the Lagrange multiplier update. Here, >0 is the desired accuracy. Because of the linear convergence of the Lagrange multipliers, this means that onlyO(In
-1)O(In In
-1) Newton steps are required to reach an -approximation to the solution from any hot start. In order to reach the hot start, one has to perform
Newton steps, wherem characterizes the size of the problem andC>0 is the condition number of the QP problem. This condition number will be characterized explicitly in terms of key parameters of the QP problem, which in turn depend on the input data and the size of the problem.Partially supported by NASA Grant NAG3-1397 and National Science Foundation Grant DMS-9403218. 相似文献
78.
Bjorn Poonen 《Journal of the American Mathematical Society》1996,9(3):783-812
Let be an algebraically closed field containing which is complete with respect to an absolute value . We prove that under suitable constraints on the coefficients, the series converges to a surjective, open, continuous -linear homomorphism whose kernel is locally compact. We characterize the locally compact sub--vector spaces of which occur as kernels of such series, and describe the extent to which determines the series. We develop a theory of Newton polygons for these series which lets us compute the Haar measure of the set of zeros of of a given valuation, given the valuations of the coefficients. The ``adjoint' series converges everywhere if and only if does, and in this case there is a natural bilinear pairing
which exhibits as the Pontryagin dual of . Many of these results extend to non-linear fractional power series. We apply these results to construct a Drinfeld module analogue of the Weil pairing, and to describe the topological module structure of the kernel of the adjoint exponential of a Drinfeld module.
79.
Summary A thin layer chromatographic method for a qualitative screening-test and a quantitative analysis of 2,4,6-TNT, biodegradation products, octogen and hexogen in ammunition wastes was developed using both polar and non-polar modified sorbents. For enrichment a solidphase extraction on LiChrolut® EN followed by removal with methanol/acetonitrile (11 v/v) was chosen. To imitate real samples, spiked tap water samples of known composition were used. 相似文献
80.
A. A. Goldstein 《Mathematical Programming》1993,62(1-3):223-237
This paper modifies the convergence conditions of a back-tracking global Newton method announced in Goldstein (1991), making them sharper and easier to apply. A new version of the Kantorovich inequalities is presented that is simple to state and prove. An application is made to the centering problem for polytopes. Based on an idea of Ye (1989), an algorithm is given for the feasibility problem of linear inequalities.This paper is dedicated to Phil Wolfe on the occasion of his 65th birthday. 相似文献