判断并解决线性规划“多反而少”悖论的逆最优值解法

现有研究通过调整线性规划模型的右端项来消除“多反而少”悖论,而该文提出并验证了悖论是由技术系数矩阵、目标函数系数以及右端项三者的不合理搭配造成的。首先,通过建立原-对偶模型来判断悖论现象存在与否;然后,将悖论问题转换成逆最优值问题进行解决,构建了通过调整目标函数系数以及技术系数矩阵来消除悖论的模型;最后,提出了判断并解决悖论的逆最优值解法,阐述了其优势与经济意义,并通过数值算例验证其有效性。     

Planck's experiment on gas mixing,Gibbs' paradox and the definition of entropy in statistical mechanics

The interpretation of entropy provided by statistical thermodynamics is not adequate to represent the thermodynamic entropy of the gas of noninteracting particles considered in this theory. Planck's thought experiment on reversible mixing and Gibbs' paradox provide perhaps the best-known evidence of this. The assumption that the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature is introduced both in the kinetic theory of gases and in the classical thermodynamics. Such an assumption is no doubt adequate to deal with real gases at appropriately low pressures and high temperatures. However, the present paper shows that the same assumption implies that the entropy of an ideal gas, like its internal energy, must also depend only on temperature. The paper calculates the expression of the entropy function that is consistent with the internal energy function of the gas. From this expression, the thermodynamic entropy of the ideal gas – as distinct from its statistical entropy – is finally expressed in terms of statistical mechanics variables.     

The median-based resolution of the St. Petersburg paradox

The St. Petersburg Paradox contributed to establishing expected utility theory by demonstrating that decision making based on the expectation (expected value, or mean, average) leads to an unreasonable behavior. Although the expected value is commonly used as an optimization criterion in various fields of mathematical sciences, such paradoxical problems as arbitrariness and intransitivity have led many researchers to forsake expected utility theory in search of more useful alternatives. Here we show an analytical solution of the St. Petersburg Paradox based on the median of the probability distribution. The present method provides a reasonable solution to any related problem. The median payout of repeated games suggests a new scaling relation in the limit of a large number of repetitions, while the game has no characteristic scale in terms of expected value.     

Parikh-Wilczek Tunneling as Massive Particles from Noncommutative Schwarzschild Black Hole

In this paper, we apply the tunneling of massive particle through the quantum horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole in noncommutative spacetime. The tunneling effects lead to modified Hawking radiation due to inclusion of back-reaction effects. Our calculations show also that noncommutativity effects cause the further modifications to the hermodynamical relations in black hole. We calculate the emission rate of the massive particles' tunneling from aSchwarzschild black hole which is modified on account of noncommutativity influences. The issues of information loss and possible correlations between emitted particles are discussed. Unfortunately even by considering noncommutativity view point, there is no correlation between different modes of evaporation at least at late-time. Nevertheless, as a result of spacetime noncommutativity, information may be conserved by a stable black hole remnant.     

The thermodynamics in a dynamical black hole

Considering the back-reaction of emitting particles to the black hole, a “new” horizon is suggested where thermodynamics can be built in the dynamical black hole. It, at least, means that the thermodynamics of a dynamical black hole should not be constructed at the original event horizon any more. The temperature, “new” horizon position and radiating particles’ energy will be consistent again under the theory of equilibrium thermodynamical system.      

Reconciling Spacetime and the Quantum: Relational Blockworld and the Quantum Liar Paradox

The Relational Blockworld (RBW) interpretation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics (NRQM) is introduced. Accordingly, the spacetime of NRQM is a relational, non-separable blockworld whereby spatial distance is only defined between interacting trans-temporal objects. RBW is shown to provide a novel statistical interpretation of the wavefunction that deflates the measurement problem, as well as a geometric account of quantum entanglement and non-separability that satisfies locality per special relativity and is free of interpretative mystery. We present RBW’s acausal and adynamical resolution of the so-called “quantum liar paradox,” an experimental set-up alleged to be problematic for a spacetime conception of reality, and conclude by speculating on RBW’s implications for quantum gravity.     

Schrödinger’s Cat Meets Einstein’s Twins: A Superposition of Different Clock Times

The phenomenon of quantum superposition, which allows a physical system to exist in different states ‘simultaneously’, is one of the most bizarre notions in physics. Here we illustrate an even more bizarre example of it: a superposed state of a physical system consisting of both an ‘older’ version and a ‘younger’ version of that system. This can be accomplished by exploiting the special relativistic effect of time dilation featuring in Einstein’s famous twin paradox.     

The Lattice Solid Model to Simulate the Physics of Rocks and Earthquakes: Incorporation of Friction

The particle-based lattice solid model developed to study the physics of rocks and the nonlinear dynamics of earthquakes is refined by incorporating intrinsic friction between particles. The model provides a means for studying the causes of seismic wave attenuation, as well as frictional heat generation, fault zone evolution, and localisation phenomena. A modified velocity–Verlat scheme that allows friction to be precisely modelled is developed. This is a difficult computational problem given that a discontinuity must be accurately simulated by the numerical approach (i.e., the transition from static to dynamical frictional behaviour). This is achieved using a half time step integration scheme. At each half time step, a nonlinear system is solved to compute the static frictional forces and states of touching particle-pairs. Improved efficiency is achieved by adaptively adjusting the time step increment, depending on the particle velocities in the system. The total energy is calculated and verified to remain constant to a high precision during simulations. Numerical experiments show that the model can be applied to the study of earthquake dynamics, the stick–slip instability, heat generation, and fault zone evolution. Such experiments may lead to a conclusive resolution of the heat flow paradox and improved understanding of earthquake precursory phenomena and dynamics.     

Lengths on rotating platforms

The paper treats the issue of the length of a rotating circumference as seen from on board the moving disk and from an inertial reference frame. It is shown that, properly defining a measuring process, the result is in both cases 2πR thus dissolving the Ehrenfest paradox. The same holds good when considering that, for the rotating observer, the perceived radius coincides with the curvature radius of a space-time helix and a complete round trip corresponds to an angle which differs from the one seen by the inertial observer. The apparent contradiction with the Lorentz contraction is discussed.     

基于复杂网络的电网结构健壮性及Braess悖论现象研究

应用复杂网络理论,建立电力系统的改进导纳模型,结合电网拓扑特性和电气特性对电网的级联故障进行研究。通过随机移除传输线引发电网级联故障,研究网络的节点数、平均度、发电站数量以及发电站的分布状况对系统健壮性的影响,并对小世界电网级联故障过程中的布雷斯(Braess)悖论现象进行分析。研究表明：网络的健壮性与其拓扑结构密切相关,平均度较大时,最近邻耦合网络和小世界网络健壮性曲线存在多个分叉点;在小世界结构电网中,一般平均度和节点数越大,发电站的数量越多,电网健壮性越好;发电站分散分布比发电站集中分布的电网健壮性更好。对网络容量增加导致健壮性降低的布雷斯现象进行解释。