新疆克孜尔水库F2活断层活动特征分析 *

摘 要 新疆克孜尔水库区内F2活断层的活动规律对水库的安全性有重要影响,对F2断层短水准长序列的观测分析表明：F2断层下盘近40年来持续发生着由南向北的地倾运动。这既影响了短水准高差计算结果,也影响了位错模型水平扭动量和滑动角两个用于评价断层活动性的参数的计算结果,从而使F2断层活动性评价失去客观性。本文通过第1形变监测站人工短水准前尺读数长序列走势分析获得F2活断层下盘测线方向上12米处地倾活动的年变速率（1979-2006）为0.224mm/a,根据库区F2活断层两侧地表沉降速率等值线图确定、验证第1形变监测站上、下盘测线方向上地倾活动年变速率（1991-2002）分别是0.03mm/a、0.07mm/a。对水平扭动量和滑动角的计算和分析表明：F2活断层近10余年来的活动虽与水库蓄水、库水沿活断层下渗、河流改道及地壳运动关系密切,但尚无法认定其活动正在或已经加剧。     

龙山门断裂带活动特征与工程区域地壳稳定性评价理论

以弱非线性涡黏性模型为出发点,对Delery分离流动实验结果进行分析并获得了非平 衡态分离区涡黏性系数与形状因子J之间的非线性关系. 该非线性关系显示在分离起始阶段, 涡黏性系数较平衡态先减小,后增大;再附阶段,涡黏性系数较平衡态数值逐渐增大,并在 再附点位置接近最大,而后又逐渐减小,恢复到平衡态水平. 总结涡黏性系数的 这种非线性发展数学关系式,并将它应用于BL模型,在不添加微分方程的情况下发展出一种 适用于分离流动的改进代数湍流模型. 对低速平板流动,跨声速,超声速以及高超声速分离 流动的计算结果表明,该改进湍流模型可以较准确地模拟各类复杂分离流动,计算精度明显 优于传统代数模型以及一些两方程模型,而计算工作量仍与BL模型相当. 这表明所提出的 涡黏性系数非线性发展规律是正确的,且应用在二维分离流动中具有一定的普适性.     

三维激光扫描测量在汶川地震后都汶公路快速抢通中的应用

都（江堰）汶（川）公路是一条高等级山区公路,同时是连接都江堰与汶川县城的主要干道,溯岷江而北上,全长108km。强烈的汶川地震导致了公路两侧大量崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害发生,严重阻断了交通生命线,由于公路沿线河谷狭窄、山高坡陡、表部岩石破碎,又适逢雨季来临,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害为震后抢险救灾及地质调查工作带来极大挑战。本文通过三维激光扫描测量技术在都汶公路快速抢通中的应用,讨论其在抢险救灾快速反应中与传统地质调查方法相结合的适用性与可行性,从中不难看出该项技术具有精度高、速度快、真实反映原型并能快速提取相关信息,其势必成为传统地质调查方法的有益补充。     

地震崩滑预测方法及其工程应用研究

在对我国已有地震崩塌和滑坡资料 (简称崩滑 )的研究分析基础上 ,提出适用于我国西部地区地震崩滑的由粗至细、分级预测地震崩滑的方法。 1 )建立地震崩滑最大震中距 ( Rm)与地震震级 ( Ms)间关系的初判准则 ;2 )综合考虑岩性、结构类型、地形、气象、地震等因素对地震崩滑的共同作用 ,并对不同因素的主次作用进行区分和量化 ,建立预测地震崩滑的再判准则。并用 1 996年 2月 3日丽江 7.0级地震引发的地震崩塌和滑坡实例对此预测方法进行了验证。     

Nonextensivity measure for earthquake networks

Studying earthquakes and the associated geodynamic processes based on the complex network theory enables us to learn about the universal features of the earthquake phenomenon. In addition, we can determine new indices for identification of regions geophysically. It was found that earthquake networks are scale free and its degree distribution obeys the power law. Here we claim that the q$q$-exponential function is better than power law model for fitting the degree distribution. We also study the behavior of q$q$ parameter (nonextensivity measure) with respect to resolution. It was previously asserted in Eur. Phys. J. B (2012) 85: 23; that the topological characteristics of earthquake networks are dependent on each other for large values of the resolution. A peak in the plot of q$q$ against resolution determines the beginning of the assertion range.     

Norms on earthquake measures and Zygmund functions

The infinitesimal earthquake theorem gives a one-to-one correspondence between Thurston bounded earthquake measures and normalized Zygmund bounded functions. In this paper, we provide an intrinsic proof of a theorem given in an earlier paper by the author; that is, we show that the cross-ratio norm of a Zygmund bounded function is equivalent to the Thurston norm of the earthquake measure in the correspondence.

     

A beam segment element for dynamic analysis of large aqueducts

Large aqueduct structure is a complex structure that is commonly used in hydraulic engineering, especially in large-scale water conveying projects. The analysis of dynamic response for an aqueduct structure is necessary if the aqueduct is built in an earthquake area. Traditional 3D finite element analysis is time consuming and the existing simplified response method cannot take into account all the effects, such as the bending-torsion coupling effect and the constrained torsion, of the deformations of the thin wall structure of the aqueduct body. For this special structure, a simple and yet accurate model for dynamic analysis is needed. In this paper, a beam segment element is developed and used for the calculation of dynamic response for aqueduct structures. With the frame of the aqueduct being modeled using beam element, the proposed model can calculate the dynamic response of the whole aqueduct structures. Results are compared with that of a general purpose finite element analysis software using 3D finite element model. Good agreement is achieved between the two models. However, the proposed model needs less elements and much less computing time.     

Numerical study of the stability of breakwater built on a sloped porous seabed under tsunami loading

Strong earthquake induced huge tsunami has occurred for three times in Pacific ocean in recent ten years; for example, the tsunami triggered by the Sumatra earthquake in 2004, Chile earthquake in 2010 and Tohoku earthquake (Japan) in 2011. Tsunami carrying huge energy always would bring high risks to the population living near to coastline. Breakwater is widely used to dissipate the wave energy, and protect coastline and ports. However, they are vulnerable when being attacked by tsunami wave. At present, the interaction mechanism between tsunami, breakwater and its seabed foundation is not fully understood. In this study, the dynamics and stability of a breakwater under the attacking of tsunami wave is investigated by adopting an integrated model PORO-WSSI 2D, in which the VARANS equation for wave motion, and the Biot’s dynamic equation for soil are used. Based on the numerical results, it is found that offshore breakwater interacts intensively with tsunami wave when it overtopping and overflowing over a breakwater. The impact force on the lateral side of breakwater applied by tsunami wave is huge. The shear failure is likely to occur in the seabed foundation of breakwater. The liquefaction is unlikely to occur due to the fact that there is basically no upward seepage force in seabed foundation in the process of tsunami wave passing through the breakwater.     

Elasto-plastic earthquake response of arch dams including fluid–structure interaction by the Lagrangian approach

Elasto-plastic earthquake response of arch dams including fluid–structure interaction by the Lagrangian approach is mainly investigated in this study. To this aim, three-dimensional eight-noded version of Lagrangian fluid finite element including the effects of compressible wave propagation and surface sloshing motion, and three-dimensional version of Drucker–Prager model based on associated flow rule assumption were programmed in FORTRAN language by authors and incorporated into the program NONSAP. Two new components added into the NONSAP were tested on a simple fluid tank and a simple fluid–structure system and obtained very reasonable results.     

重庆小南海地震崩滑体的基本特征及形成机制研究

通过对重庆小南海地震崩滑堆积体进行野外地质调查和工程地质勘察等相关工作,阐述了该崩滑堆积体的基本特征和形成机制,认为其形成过程经历了“风化剥蚀→震荡抛射→崩滑堆积→堵江成湖”4个阶段,其岩体破坏形式为高度破裂或严重高度破裂状态,其岩体破坏过程以崩塌为主,滑动为辅。研究发现,小南海地震崩滑堆积体的最终形成是受地震构造运动及应力、岩体构造、地形地貌及地震波作用等因素综合作用的结果：(1)该区NE向黔江逆滑（右行）断裂与NNW向仰头山逆滑（左行）断层形成的“X”型地震构造组合及轴向呈NWW向的构造压应力使小南海断块内部发生张滑（左行）破裂而导致61/4级地震发生;(2)该区呈“X”形展布的3组主要构造节理是崩滑体发育的物质基础,大、小垮岩在地震波作用下最终发生了向山体临空面（约145°~155°方向）的各自崩滑;(3)从崩滑堆积体中发现的灰岩块石证明崩滑体原始地层中曾含二叠系栖霞组和茅口组灰岩,这为恢复崩滑前山体地形提供了直接证据;(4)崩滑体中堆积岩块直径分布区域沿约150°方向自WN到ES依次递减,间接证明了地震时崩滑体抛洒方向为约150°方向,且大、小垮岩分别形成堆积区,交叉堆积部分较少。