Variation of drag coefficient with wind wave development

Turbulent air flows over developing wind waves in the air-sea boundary layer are numerically simulated without considering wave breaking. Influences of wind waves on air flows are considered using a model of significant wave and surface roughness, with a formula proposed for calculating the surface roughness. κ-ε model is adopted to simulate turbulent flows. The results of the drag coefficient and turbulence characteristics agree well with the observations. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 19332010).     

青冈林能量生态的研究Ⅰ.青冈林的能量环境

青冈林是浙江省中亚热带的主要常绿阔叶林。应用能量生态学的理论和方法，对青冈林进行野外测定和室内外算其能量环境。通过研究表明：一年中到达冠面的太阳总辐射为３３４４７８０ｋＪ／ｍ２．ａ。一日内太阳总辐射为２８７３０．７－９５６２．２ＫＪ／ｍ·ｄ。太阳辐射的垂直变化为林冠层最强，随着垂直高度的下降，太阳辐射减弱，在离地面垂直高度１０ｍ处可衰减７０％－８０％。辐射平衡日变化为对称型；季节变化为：夏季秋季春季冬季。热量平衡中绝大部分热量用于潜热交换，占总热量的５５％－５％。     

短期风速时间序列混沌特性分析及预测

针对短期风速时间序列的预测问题进行了研究. 首先通过0-1混沌测试法确定短期风速时间序列具有混沌特性. 采用相空间重构技术, 利用C-C算法确定延迟时间, G-P 算法确定嵌入维数. 然后提出一种参数在线修正的最小二乘支持向量机预测模型, 采用改进的粒子群算法进行预测模型中参数的优化. 最后通过仿真对比实验表明提出的预测方法在预测精度、预测误差、预测效果方面都要优于其他常见的预测方法, 证明该预测方法是有效的.     

盐酸环丙沙星在导电碳黑糊电极上的伏安行为及其检测应用

本文研究了盐酸环丙沙星(Cipro)在导电碳黑糊电极上的伏安行为,结果表明:B-R缓冲溶液(p H 4.0)中,该药物分子发生2质子、2电子转移的不可逆电化学氧化,过程受吸附控制,电子转移系数α为0.37,表面反应标准速率常数k's为0.95 s-1。实验研究了支持电解质种类、p H值、离子强度、富集电位与时间等对其伏安响应的影响,并据结果对检测条件进行优化,进而建立了Cipro的电化学检测方法。优化条件下,Cipro的氧化峰电流(ipa)与其浓度(C0)在2.5×10-7~6.0×10-5mol·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,检测限为9.5×10-8mol·L-1(S/N=3)。将该方法应用于测定淡水渔业水样中痕量Cipro,得到了较满意的结果(平均回收率102.73%)。     

广州蓄能水电厂2012年度水环境质量与评价

通过对广州蓄能水电厂库区水质及渗水进行监测,评价水库水质现状、富营养化水平、对混凝土的腐蚀性及渗水对水工建筑物的腐蚀作用。2012年3月及9月两次采集库区及渗水共54个样品,按照国标或行业标准进行检测,并对污染物含量进行分析。评价结果表明,电厂水库水质良好,各测点所测项目均符合《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）Ⅲ类水标准;根据天然水化学特征评定上、下库各测点均属低矿化度的极软水;根据水库理化指标评价,水库水体整体营养水平属中营养状态,未出现富营养化现象;根据碳酸盐类含量评定,水库水对水工建筑混凝土具有弱-中腐蚀性;渗水中p H、总碱度、碳酸根含量较水库水中含量高,说明施工支洞及其它厂房坝体建筑受到一定程度侵蚀。本次监测评价为广州蓄能水电厂的水资源保护和进一步开展水资源利用提供参考,同时为广州蓄能水电厂下一年度监测方案调整提供依据。     

Mesenchymal stem cells reciprocally regulate the M1/M2 balance in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely studied for their applications in stem cell-based regeneration. During myocardial infarction (MI), infiltrated macrophages have pivotal roles in inflammation, angiogenesis and cardiac remodeling. We hypothesized that MSCs may modulate the immunologic environment to accelerate regeneration. This study was designed to assess the functional relationship between the macrophage phenotype and MSCs. MSCs isolated from bone marrow and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) underwent differentiation induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor. To determine the macrophage phenotype, classical M1 markers and alternative M2 markers were analyzed with or without co-culturing with MSCs in a transwell system. For animal studies, MI was induced by the ligation of the rat coronary artery. MSCs were injected within the infarct myocardium, and we analyzed the phenotype of the infiltrated macrophages by immunostaining. In the MSC-injected myocardium, the macrophages adjacent to the MSCs showed strong expression of arginase-1 (Arg1), an M2 marker. In BMDMs co-cultured with MSCs, the M1 markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were significantly reduced. In contrast, the M2 markers such as IL-10, IL-4, CD206 and Arg1 were markedly increased by co-culturing with MSCs. Specifically, the ratio of iNOS to Arg1 in BMDMs was notably downregulated by co-culturing with MSCs. These results suggest that the preferential shift of the macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2 may be related to the immune-modulating characteristics of MSCs that contribute to cardiac repair.     

Enhanced galloping energy harvester with cooperative mode of vibration and collision

The low power and narrow speed range remain bottlenecks that constrain the application of small-scale wind energy harvesting. This paper proposes a simple, low-cost, and reliable method to address these critical issues. A galloping energy harvester with the cooperative mode of vibration and collision (GEH-VC) is presented. A pair of curved boundaries attached with functional materials are introduced, which not only improve the performance of the vibration energy harvesting system, but also convert more mechanical energy into electrical energy during collision. The beam deforms and the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) generates electricity during the flow-induced vibration. In addition, the beam contacts and separates from the boundaries, and the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) generates electricity during the collision. In order to reduce the influence of the boundaries on the aerodynamic performance and the feasibility of increasing the working area of the TENG, a vertical structure is designed. When the wind speed is high, the curved boundaries maintain a stable amplitude of the vibration system and increase the frequency of the vibration system, thereby avoiding damage to the piezoelectric sheet and improving the electromechanical conversion efficiency, and the TENG works with the PEH to generate electricity. Since the boundaries can protect the PEH at high wind speeds, its stiffness can be designed to be low to start working at low wind speeds. The electromechanical coupling dynamic model is established according to the GEH-VC operating principle and is verified experimentally. The results show that the GEH-VC has a wide range of operating wind speeds, and the average power can be increased by 180% compared with the traditional galloping PEH. The GEH-VC prototype is demonstrated to power a commercial temperature sensor. This study provides a novel perspective on the design of hybrid electromechanical conversion mechanisms, that is, to combine and collaborate based on their respective characteristics.

     

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We study a birth and death process $\{N_t\}_{t\ge0}$ in i.i.d. random environment, for which at each discontinuity, one particle might be born or at most $L$ particles might be dead. Along with investigating the existence and the recurrence criterion, we also study the law of large numbers of $\{N_t\}$. We show that the first passage time can be written as a functional of an $L$-type branching process in random environment and a sequence of independent and exponentially distributed random variables. Consequently, an explicit velocity of the law of large numbers can be given.     

New failure and minimal repair processes for repairable systems in a random environment

Most often, minimal repair is defined as a replacement of a failed item by an operable item that has the same distribution of the remaining lifetime as the failed one just prior a failure. This is the so‐called statistical minimal repair extensively explored in the literature. Another well‐known type of minimal repair takes into account the state of a system prior to a failure (the information‐based minimal repair). In this paper, we suggest the new type of minimal repair to be called conditional statistical minimal repair. Our approach goes further and deals with the corresponding minimal repair processes for systems operating in a random environment. Moreover, we also consider heterogeneous populations of items, which makes the model more realistic. Both of these aspects that affect the failure mechanism of items are studied. Environment is modeled by the nonhomogeneous Poisson shock process. Two models for the failure mechanism defined by the extreme shock model and the cumulative shock model, respectively, are considered. Some examples illustrating our findings are presented.