Thermal and mechanical analysis of material response to non-steady ramp and steady shock wave loading

Ramp wave experiments on the Sandia Z accelerator provide a new approach to study the rapid compression response of materials at pressures, temperatures and stress or strain rates not attainable in conventional shock experiments. Due to its shockless nature, the ramp wave experiment is often termed as an isentropic (or quasi-isentropic) compression experiment (ICE). However, in reality there is always some entropy produced when materials are subjected to large amplitude compression even under shockless loading. The entropy production mechanisms that cause deformation to deviate from the isentropic process can be attributed to mechanical and thermal dissipations. The former is due to inelasticity associated with various deformation mechanisms and the rate effect that is inherent in all the deformation processes and the latter is due to irreversible heat conduction. The main purpose of the current study is to gain insights into the effects of ramp and shock loading on the entropy production and thermomechanical responses of materials. Another purpose is to investigate the role of heat conduction in the material response to both the non-steady ramp wave and steady shock.Numerical simulations are used to address the aforementioned research objectives. The thermomechanical response associated with a steady shock wave is investigated first by solving a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Using the steady wave solutions as the reference, the material responses under non-steady ramp waves are then studied with numerical wave propagation simulation. It is demonstrated that the material response to ramp and shock loading is essentially a manifestation of the interaction between the time scale associated with the loading and the intrinsic time scales associated with mechanical deformation and heat transfer. At lower loading rates as encountered in ramp loading, the loading path is closer to an isentrope and results in lower entropy production. The reasonable ramp rate to obtain a quasi-isentropic state depends on the intrinsic time scales of the dissipation mechanisms which are strongly material dependent. Thus shockless loading does not necessarily produce an isentropic response. Between two equilibrium states, heat conduction was shown to have significant effect on the temperature history but it contributes little to the overall temperature change if the specific heat remains constant. It also affects the history of entropy, but only the irreversible part of heat conduction contributes to the net entropy change. The various types of thermomechanical responses of materials would manifest themselves more significantly in terms of the thermal history than the mechanical history. Thus temperature measurement appears to be an important experimental tool in distinguishing the various mechanisms for the thermomechancial responses of the materials.     

任意叠层球壳内的应力波传播

提出一种有效求解方法，求解了任意叠层球壳在动载荷作用下的应力波传播。首先，利用有限Ｈａｎｋｅｌ变换和Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换求解了每一单层的弹性动力学解。然后，利用叠层球壳的内、外边界条件和层与层之间的连接条件确定每一单层解中的待定常数。从而，我们可以得到应力波在叠层球壳内传播的精确解。最后，我们计算了在一个突加内压作用下的两层球壳（Ｓｔｅｅｌ／Ａｌ）和三层球壳（Ｓｔｅｅｌ／Ａｌｌｏｙ／Ａｌ）内的应力波传播。求解过程和计算结果表明文中提出的求解方法是简便可行的。     

无限长圆管非轴对称问题的Donnell理论的解析解

本文根据圆柱壳体的Ｄｏｎｎｅｌｌ近似理论，用富氏积分变换和留数理论得出了无限胀圆管受非轴对称法向荷载的解析解。     

空中爆炸冲击波地面荷载的数值模拟

本文根据文献[1]的理论,给出地下防护结构动力有限元分析所需空中爆炸冲击波荷载的数值模拟方案,并编制出冲击波荷载自动生成程序,使地下防护结构有限元分析的效率与精度大大提高。     

Possibility of acceleration of the threshold processes for multi-component gas in the front of a shock wave

Studies of translational nonequilibrium in the front of a shock wave propagating in a three-component gas were performed by the Monte Carlo simulation method. Simulations were performed for mixtures of components with molecular mass ratios , and shock Mach number . The distribution of relative velocities for pairs of molecules of heavy low-concentration additives 2 and 3 substantially exceeded, in the front, its equilibrium values behind the wave at high values of . The maximum value of this superequilibrium was about for the numerical density ratio: 1000:1:1 and . Calculations showed that high values of the effect of superequilibrium take place up to a ratio of densities 200:1:1. Simulations performed for and a mixture of He, molecular oxygen and Xe with the numerical density ratio 200:1:1 showed also the high value of the superequilibrium effect at corresponding to dissociation threshold of oxygen. Thus, dissociation of oxygen by collisions with Xe in the front of a wave may have a considerably higher rate than total dissociation behind the wave. Received 4 August 1995 / Accepted 25 April 1996     

拉压性能不同材料全量型本构关系及厚壁筒的应力分析

将经典全量理论作了推广，考虑了应力状态及塑性体积变形对拉压性能不同材料的塑性行为的影响。应用该本构模型分别计算了厚壁筒在内压和外压作用下的应力分布。给出了径向应力、环向应力和轴向应力沿壁厚的分布图。将本文的计算解与拉压性能相同(不考虑体积变形、强化曲线唯一)的幂函数强化材料的厚壁筒的理论解进行了比较。结果表明，材料的拉压性能不同对厚壁筒的环向应力和轴向应力影响较大。因此，对于拉压性能不同材料，考虑到其对应力状态及塑性体积变形敏感时，是不能将其简化成拉压性能相同、体积不可压缩、强化曲线唯一的理想材料。     

正交各向异性含液饱和多孔介质中应力波的传播

基于Biot的孔隙介质理论，研究了正交各向异性含液饱和多孔介质中应力波的传播特性．本文引入动态渗透率，导出了整个实频域内应力波传播的复特征方程及其解析解，给出了各种应力波成分的波速和衰减的解析表达武，计算了频散曲线和衰减曲线，并讨论了各类应力波之间的耦合关系及介质的各向异性对应力波传播的影响．     

垂直激励圆柱形容器中的表面波特性研究

利用奇异摄动理论的两时间变量展开法，研究了垂直强迫激励圆柱形容器中的单一水表面驻波模式。假设流体是无粘、不可压且运动是无旋的，在忽略了表面张力的影响下，得到一个具有立方项以及底部驱动项影响的非线性振幅方程。对上述方程进行了数值计算，并研究了特定(3，4)模式的表面驻波结构和特性，如驻波的节点分布及随某些参数的变化规律等，从计算的等高线的图象来看，和以往的实验结果相当吻合。     

条形平板中裂纹识别的遗传算法

研究条形平板中平行于上下边界的单一裂纹的识别问题。给出了当一声波入射这一条形平板时，裂纹参数与反射、透射系数之间的关系式，并应用遗传算法对裂纹进行了定量识别。计算结果表明本文给出的方法具有较好的识别精度。     

One Singularly Perturbed Problem of Turbulent Gas Dynamics

The problem of the interaction of a Prandtl–Mayer wave with a shear layer is solved using the small parameter method for the case where the flow vorticity in the shear layer is small. A direct expansion is constructed and its inadequacy at large distances from the vortex layer is proved. The strained coordinate method is used to obtain a uniformly adequate expansion. It is shown that for certain velocity distributions in the shear layer, the characteristics in the reflected simple wave resulting from the interaction intersect each other and a shock arises in the flow. There coordinates of the shock origin and the function describing the shock shape are obtained.