Thermocapillary convection in an absorbing-scattering medium subjected to irradiation

The criteria for the onset of thermocapillary convection in a horizontal radiating fluid layer heated by an incident thermal radiative energy source are determined. The fluid layer is an absorbing and isotropically scattering medium confined between a free upper surface and an insulated rigid lower surface. Linear analysis is performed on the continuity, momentum, energy, and approximate radiative equations. The resulting disturbance equations are solved using a numerical optimization technique to obtain the eigenvalues governing the onset of convective motion. The influence of thermal radiation on the critical Marangoni number is examined. Attention is drawn to the physical significance of the heat transfer mode, gravitational force, the scattering effect, and the surface radiative properties. The conditions leading to the onset of convection are presented as functions of the optical thickness, scattering albedo, Planck number, surface emissivities, and transmissivities.     

Convection regimes and heat transfer characteristics along a continuously moving heated vertical plate

The steady laminar flow and thermal characteristics of a continuously moving vertical sheet of extruded material are studied close to and far downstream from the extrusion slot. The velocity and temperature variations, obtained by a finite volume method, are used to map out the entire forced, mixed and natural convection regimes. The effects of the Prandtl number (Pr) and the buoyancy force parameter (B) on the friction and heat transfer coefficients are investigated. Comparisons with experimental measurements and solutions by others in the pure forced and pure natural convection regions are made. In the mixed convection region, the results are compared with available finite-difference solutions of the boundary layer equations showing excellent agreement. The region close to the extrusion slot is characterized as a non-similar forced-convection dominated region in which Nu_xRe_x^−1/2 drops sharply with increasing Richardson number (Ri_x). This is followed by a self-similar forced-convection dominated region in which Nu_xRe_x^−1/2 levels off with increasing Ri_x until the buoyancy effect sets in. The existence and extent of the latter region depend upon the value of B. A non-similar mixed convection region where increasing buoyancy effect enhances the heat transfer rate follows. Finally, this region is followed downstream by a self-similar natural-convection dominated region in which Nu_xRe_x^−1/2 approaches the pure natural convection asymptote at large Ri_x. Critical values of Ri_x to distinguish the various convection regimes are determined for different Pr and B.     

Similarity analysis in magnetohydrodynamics: Hall effects on free convection flow and mass transfer past a semi-infinite vertical flat plate

Heat and mass transfer along a semi-infinite vertical flat plate under the combined buoyancy force effects of thermal and species diffusion is investigated in the presence of a strong non-uniform magnetic field and the Hall currents are taken into account. The induced magnetic field due to the motion of the electrically conducting fluid is negligible. This assumption is valid for a small magnetic Reynolds number. The similarity solutions are obtained using the scale group of transformations. These are the only symmetry transformations admitted by the field equations. The non-linear boundary layer equations with the boundary conditions are transferred to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations with the appropriate boundary conditions. Furthermore, the similarity equations are solved numerically by using a fourth order Runge-Kutta scheme with the shooting method. Numerical results for the velocity profiles, the temperature profiles and the concentration profiles are presented graphically for various values of the magnetic parameter M in the range of 0-1 with the Hall parameter m taking the values 0.5, 1, 2, and 3.     

Transport of salts and micron-sized particles entrained from a boiling water pool

The entrainment of soluble (KI, CsI) and non-soluble (Al₂O₃) substances through droplets, which are produced by disintegrating steam bubbles at the surface of a boiling water pool, is determined in a pilot-scale facility. Integral measurements are conducted at steady-state conditions in an atmosphere of either pure steam or an air–steam mixture. The ratio of the entrained liquid mass flow and the gas mass flow through the pool, the entrainment factor, is determined for air–steam ratios between 0 and 0.47 kg/kg in the gas atmosphere and at constant total pressures between 2 and 6 bar. The influence of the vertical temperature profile in the gas atmosphere on the convective velocity field is demonstrated by phase Doppler anemometry and particle image velocimetry measurements at a location 2.1 m above the pool surface. The influences of nucleation and natural convection are demonstrated during slow de-pressurization of the facility at rates below 420 Pa/s.     

Thermal radiation effect on mixed convection from horizontal surfaces in saturated porous media

An analysis is presented to investigate the effect of radiation on mixed convection from a horizontal flat plate in a saturated porous medium. Both a hot surface facing upward and a cold surface facing downward are considered in the analysis. The conservation equations that govern the problem are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary different equations. The important parameters of this problem are the radiation parameter R, the buoyancy parameter B, and the freestream to wall temperature ratio T _∞/T _w for the case of a hot surface or the wall to freestream to wall temperature T _w /T _∞ for the case of a cold surface.     

半浮区液桥热毛细对流速度场特征

液桥流场的速度分布是液桥表面张力梯度驱动对流的一个重要研究内容。通过地面模拟微重力环境的液桥实验以及数值计算,研究了外加温差、液桥腰径等对流场速度分布的影响,实验结果与数值计算结果相当符合。结果还表明,当液桥腰径减小时,流场的结构发生了变化,涡心由一个转化成两个。     

热毛细对流的液桥几何位形及浮力效应

本文讨论重力对不同高度、直径比液桥的热毛细对流的影响。当液桥高度、直径比增大时,液桥中的等流函数线呈双涡结构,这种流动图样并不必然与热毛细振荡流相联系。在地面热毛细对流实验中模拟空间微重力情况,液桥高度需小于1.5mm。在微重力环境中,液桥内的流场和温度分布介于地面相同参数液桥的上部加热和下部加热两种结果之间。因此,可以用地面实验结果估计空间液桥的对流和热输运情况。     

应用ESPI研究水平热管的自然对流现象

本文应用 Vintens ESPI、全息干涉及新发展的 Video 的全息干涉技术,研究了水平热管的自然对流现象。介绍了这三种技术的光学系统,和关于气体温度场的测量原理和测量结果。与热电偶所测温度值比较,结果相当一致。文中还就可能的测量误差作了定性分析。     

Thermally Developing Forced Convection in a Porous Medium: Circular Duct with Walls at Constant Temperature,with Longitudinal Conduction and Viscous Dissipation Effects

A modified Graetz methodology is applied to investigate the thermal development of forced convection in a circular duct filled by a saturated porous medium, with walls held at constant temperature, and with the effects of longitudinal conduction and viscous dissipation included. The Brinkman model is employed. The analysis leads to expressions for the local Nusselt number, as a function of the dimensionless longitudinal coordinate and other parameters (Darcy number, Péclet number, Brinkman number).     

多层流体的Marangoni对流

介绍微重力环境下矩形液池中多层不相混液体的Marangoni对流及其不稳定性.Marangoni对流流动的形成是由于在该系统施加一个与液体交界面相垂直的外加温度梯度.Marangoni对流的线性不稳定性分析是基于无限延长矩形液池内的两层流体系统.应用数值模拟研究了Marangoni对流的流体动力学和热传输特性,将多层流体的Marangoni对流同两层流体中外加温度梯度与流体交界面平行时引起的热毛细对流的主要特征进行了比较.