钢中大尺寸稀土夹杂物的形成动力学研究

以添加稀土等微合金化元素的5CrNiMo钢为例, 通过电子探针元素面分布分析探讨了钢中大尺寸稀土夹杂物的成分和组成元素的分布规律, 初步探明了稀土夹杂物的形成动力学及形成机制. 研究结果表明: 稀土夹杂物首先以高熔点氧化物和硫化物为核心分别独立形核长大, 然后以稀土所特有的较高表面活性在液相和凝固过程中相结合, 最终细小分散的稀土夹杂物合并成一个大尺寸的稀土夹杂物.     

纯物质挥发能力评估的热力学分析

一个大气压下的沸点和特定温度下的饱和蒸气压常用来评估纯物质的挥发能力,但仍缺乏这2个指标为什么能够进行挥发能力评估的热力学分析。以纯液体为对象,依据热力学第二定律,建立热力学模型,对沸点和饱和蒸气压评估纯物质挥发能力的热力学本质进行了分析。同时,对在一个大气压和沸腾温度下的摩尔蒸发焓能否作为纯物质挥发能力的判据进行了热力学分析。分析表明,摩尔蒸发焓可以作为纯物质挥发能力的新评估标准。摩尔蒸发焓越小,则纯物质越容易挥发,反之亦然。     

Estimation of boiling points by investigations of viscosity Arrhenius behaviours in Methyl Benzoate + n-Hexane binary liquid systems at atmospheric pressure

Calculation of excess properties in methyl benzoate + n-Hexane binary liquid mixtures at (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K from experimental viscosity and density values was presented in earlier work. Investigations of these experimental values to test correlation quality of different equations as well as their corresponding relative functions were also reported. Considering the quasi-equality between the enthalpy of activation of viscous flow ΔH* and the viscosity Arrhenius activation energy Ea, here we can define partial molar activation energy Ea₁ and Ea₂ for methyl benzoate with n-Hexane, respectively, along with their individual contribution separately. Correlation between Arrhenius parameters brings to light interesting Arrhenius temperature with a comparison to the temperature of vaporisation in the liquid vapour equilibrium, and the limiting corresponding partial molar properties that can permit us to predict value of the boiling points of the pure components. New empirical equations for estimating the boiling temperature are proposed.     

拓扑-量子指数醛酮气相色谱保留指数及沸点的定量构效关系

通过对醛酮化合物分子结构特征及其气相色谱保留指数(RI)和沸点与分子结构间关系的研究,提出了分子极化效应指数(MPEI)、奇偶指数(OEI)、立体效应指数(SVij)、顶点度-距离指数(VDI)及键连接矩阵特征根(∑X1CH)等拓扑-量子结构参数,用多元线性回归(MLR)方法获得了醛酮类化合物的沸点及其在不同极性色谱柱上的气相色谱保留指数与这些拓扑-量子指数间良好的定量结构-性质相关(QSPR)模型,相关系数均大于0.99。5个分子结构参数具有明确的物理化学意义且易于计算和运用。与文献研究的比较结果表明:由上述分子结构参数得出的模型方程适用于各类醛酮化合物的气相色谱保留指数及沸点的预测且具有较好的稳定性和准确性。     

Isotope effects in aqueous systems. X. Boiling point elevations for NaCl solutions in H2O and D2O

Solvent isotope effects on the osmotic coefficients of NaCl solutions in H₂O or D₂O have been determined by an ebulliometric technique at 100°C.     

Instrument-induced effects in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds by capillary gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED)

Peak splitting of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic compounds originating from the microwave plasma of an atomic emission detector (AED) coupled to a GC has been described and evaluated. The influence of the solute structure, solute concentration, and physical conditions in the AED (such as detector temperature, make-up gas flow, concentration of reagent gases and distance of column end from the plasma) have been studied. An explanation is presented for peak splitting, which is based on an insufficient solute decomposition and solute mass flow in the discharge tube. Modification of the instrument by introduction of additional make-up gas applied through the transfer line has been shown to improve peak shape and solute response.     

土壤中有效硼含量测定方法优化与对比

为确保第三次全国土壤普查数据真实可靠,需对相关标准检测方法进行反复验证以优选出适合在全国范围内推广的方法。目前NY/T 1121.8-2006甲亚胺-H比色法测定土壤有效硼灵敏度较低,显色温度及光照等因素容易对测定结果造成干扰。鉴于此,本文对沸水浴浸提-甲亚胺-H比色法测定土壤有效硼过程中的浸提时间、浸提方式以及显色条件等关键因素进行了分析,并探究方法测定优化条件。结果表明提取时间选择12 min、加盖浸提以及23 ℃避光显色处理,可以较好地减少有效硼测定过程中的误差,获得更为准确的结果。同时对电感耦合等离子体光谱法（ICP-OES）测定土壤有效硼进行了验证,比色法、ICP-OES法的检出限分别为0.012 mg/kg、0.009 mg/kg,均满足分析测定的要求。方法准确度和精密度验证结果表明二者均可用于土壤有效硼的测定,并且实际样品测定结果无显著性差异。其中,比色法适用于测定高含量（>0.5 mg/kg）样品,ICP-OES法适用于中、低含量样品的测定。结合第三次全国土壤普查内业检测定点工作中的经验,本文建议将ICP-OES法作为第三次全国土壤普查有效硼测定的首选方法,以期为“三普”内业检测提供参考和借鉴。     

Single bubble growth in saturated pool boiling on a constant wall temperature surface

Nucleate pool boiling experiments with constant wall temperatures were performed using R11 and R113 for saturated pool boiling conditions. A microscale heater array and Wheatstone bridge circuits were used to maintain a constant wall temperature condition and to obtain measurements with high temporal and spatial resolution. Accurate heat flow rate data were obtained from microscale heater array by controlling the surface conditions at a high temporal resolution. Images of the bubble growth were captured using a high-speed CCD camera synchronized with the heat flow rate measurements. The geometry of the bubble was obtained from the images. In the asymptotic growth region, the bubble showed a growth rate that was proportional to t^1/5, which was slower than the growth rate proposed in previous analytical analyses. The bubble growth behavior was analyzed using a new dimensionless parameter to permit comparisons with previous results at the same scale. The comparisons showed good agreement in the asymptotic growth region. A non-dimensional correlation for the bubble radius that can predict the bubble growth and the heat flow rate simultaneously, was suggested. The required heat flow rate for the volume change of the observed bubble was estimated to be larger than the instantaneous heat flow rate measured from the wall. Heat, other than the instantaneous heat supplied from the wall, is estimated to be transferred through the interface between bubble and liquid, even with saturated pool conditions. This phenomenon under a saturated pool condition needs to be analyzed and the data from this study can supply the good experimental data with the precise boundary condition (constant wall temperature).     

A fractal analysis of subcooled flow boiling heat transfer

A fractal model for the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer is proposed in this paper. The analytical expressions for the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer are derived based on the fractal distribution of nucleation sites on boiling surfaces. The proposed fractal model for the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer is found to be a function of wall superheat, liquid subcooling, bulk velocity of fluid (or Reynolds number), fractal dimension, the minimum and maximum active cavity size, the contact angle and physical properties of fluid. No additional/new empirical constant is introduced, and the proposed model contains less empirical constants than the conventional models. The proposed model takes into account all the possible mechanisms for subcooled flow boiling heat transfer. The model predictions are compared with the existing experimental data, and fair agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is found for different bulk flow rates.