全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1380篇 |
免费 | 333篇 |
国内免费 | 195篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 894篇 |
晶体学 | 111篇 |
力学 | 185篇 |
综合类 | 19篇 |
数学 | 62篇 |
物理学 | 637篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 29篇 |
2021年 | 42篇 |
2020年 | 34篇 |
2019年 | 33篇 |
2018年 | 44篇 |
2017年 | 70篇 |
2016年 | 89篇 |
2015年 | 68篇 |
2014年 | 64篇 |
2013年 | 195篇 |
2012年 | 87篇 |
2011年 | 82篇 |
2010年 | 76篇 |
2009年 | 98篇 |
2008年 | 85篇 |
2007年 | 78篇 |
2006年 | 106篇 |
2005年 | 102篇 |
2004年 | 90篇 |
2003年 | 75篇 |
2002年 | 73篇 |
2001年 | 53篇 |
2000年 | 43篇 |
1999年 | 30篇 |
1998年 | 21篇 |
1997年 | 30篇 |
1996年 | 17篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1908条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
51.
Daniel T. W. Toolan Richard Hodgkinson Jonathan R. Howse 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2014,52(1):17-25
Spin‐coated polymer blends possess a rich variety of accessible non‐equilibrium morphologies, formed through a process of phase separation and self‐assembly, the complexities of which remain incompletely understood. The technique of stroboscopic microscopy has now been developed to allow direct observations of microscopic and mesoscopic morphological development during spin‐coating and has afforded unequivocal information regarding morphological development. The technique so far has three modes of operation providing information on topographical, compositional, and crystal development. In this review, we look at the technique's development, its applications and comment on the future potential for this technique. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 17–25 相似文献
52.
We will focus on estimating the integrated covariance of two diffusion processes observed in a nonsynchronous manner. The observation data is contaminated by some noise, which possibly depends on the time and the latent diffusion processes, while the sampling times also possibly depend on the observed processes. In a high-frequency setting, we consider a modified version of the pre-averaged Hayashi–Yoshida estimator, and we show that such a kind of estimator has the consistency and the asymptotic mixed normality, and attains the optimal rate of convergence. 相似文献
53.
54.
This paper presents a study on polycrystalline diamond (PCD) polished by dynamic friction polishing (DFP) with the aid of advanced dual beam FIB (focused ion beam) microscopy. After disclosing a variety of wear tracks by DFP using electron imaging in combination with the ion channelling effect, a dual beam FIB was successfully employed at wear track sites to specifically create both the large cross-sectional specimen for microanalysis and thin foil for nanoanalysis. The study concluded that the polished PCD subsurface was free from microscale cracking. However, the attached debris layer on the top surface contained metal oxides and non-diamond carbon phase with inhomogeneous distributions of C, Fe, Cr, Ni, Si and O across the layer. An attached layer directly above a diamond grain was composed of essentially amorphous carbon, suggesting that a direct phase transformation from diamond crystalline to amorphous occurred during DFP. 相似文献
55.
Lei Ren Feng Xu Wei Jian Xu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2016,54(15):2291-2301
The anionic polymerization of (E)‐1,3‐pentadiene (EP) and (Z)‐1,3‐pentadiene (ZP) together with mixture of the E/Z isomers are investigated, respectively. The kinetic analysis shows that the activation energy for EP (86.17 kJ/mol) is much higher than that for ZP (59.03 kJ/mol). GPC shows that it is the EP rather than the ZP isomer that undergoes anionic living polymerization affording quantitative products of the polymers with well‐controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (1.05 ≤? ≤ 1.09). In addition, THF as polar additive has proved its validity to reduce the molecular weight distribution of poly(ZP) from 1.38 to as low as 1.19. The microstructure and sequence distributions of polypentadiene are characterized by 1H NMR and quantitative 13C NMR. Finally, the distinctive reaction activity of two isomers can be elucidated by two different mechanisms which involve the presence of four forms of zwitterions for EP and the typical [1,5]‐sigmatropic hydrogen‐shift phenomenon for ZP. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 2291–2301 相似文献
56.
S. N. Hardrict R. Gurarslan C. J. Galvin H. Gracz D. Roy B. S. Sumerlin J. Genzer A. E. Tonelli 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2013,51(9):735-741
In this brief report, we demonstrate that Kerr effect measurements, which determine the excess birefringence contributed by polymer solutes in dilute solutions observed under a strong electric field, are highly sensitive to and capable of determining their microstructures, as well as their locations along the macromolecular backbone. Specifically, using atactic triblock copolymers with the same overall composition of styrene (S) and p-bromostyrene (pBrS) units, but with two different block arrangements, that is, pBrS90-b-S120-b-pBrS90 (I) and S60-b-pBrS180-b-S60 (II), which are indistinguishable by NMR, we detected a dramatic difference in their molar Kerr constants (mK), in agreement with those previously estimated. Although similar in magnitude, their Kerr constants differ in sign, with mK(II) positive and mK(I) negative. In addition, S/pBrS random and gradient copolymers synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization exhibit a heretofore unexpected enhanced enchainment of racemic (r) pBrS-pBrS diads. Comparison of their observed and calculated mKs suggests that the gradient S/pBrS copolymers possess an unanticipated additional gradient in stereosequence that parallels their comonomer gradient, that is, as the concentration of pBrs units decreases from one end of the copolymer chain to the other, so does the content of r diads. This conclusion could only be reached by comparison of observed and calculated Kerr effects, which access the global properties of macromolecules, and not NMR, which is only sensitive to local polymer structural environments, but not to their locations on the copolymer chains. Molar Kerr constants are characteristic of entire polymer chains and are highly sensitive to their constituent microstructures and their distribution along the chain. They may be used to both identify constituent microstructures and locate them along the polymer chain, thereby enabling, for the first time, characterization of their complete macrostructures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013 相似文献
57.
Niels ten Brummelhuis Marcus Weck 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2014,52(11):1555-1559
Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization was used to control the alternating copolymerization of styrene and 2,3,4,5,6‐pentaflurostyrene. The RAFT polymerization yields a high degree of control over the molecular weight of the polymers and does not significantly influence the reactivity ratios of the monomers. The controlled free‐radical polymerization could be initiated using AIBN at elevated temperatures or using a redox couple (benzoyl peroxide/N,N‐dimethylaniline) at room temperature, while maintaining control over molecular weight and dispersity. The influence of temperature and solvent on the molecular weight distribution and reactivity ratios were investigated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1555–1559 相似文献
58.
The influence of initial heat treatment on anomalous Cr precipitation within high temperature solubility region of the Fe–9Cr alloy has been investigated using positron lifetime studies. Air-quenched samples with pre-existing dislocations exhibited a distinct annealing stage in positron lifetime between 800 and 1100?K corresponding to Cr-precipitation. During this stage, Transmission Electron Microscopy showed fine precipitates of average size 4 nm, dispersed throughout the sample and from Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis they are found to be Cr-enriched. The presence of dislocations is found to be responsible for Cr precipitation. 相似文献
59.
Jihen Mahfoudh Christelle Delaite Souhir Abid Rachid El Gharbi 《高分子科学杂志,A辑:纯化学与应用化学》2013,50(12):1002-1008
A series of random polyesteramides (PEAs) within a range of molar composition from 90/10 to 10/90 were synthesized by a direct melt polycondensation of lactic acid and β-alanine. Their structures were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The resulting copolymers are amorphous; they are thermally stable to temperatures up to 254°C, and present increasing glass transition temperatures at increasing amide content. The copolymers were also characterized by FTIR and viscosimetry measurements. 相似文献
60.
Saulius Kaciulis Alessio Mezzi Roberto Montanari Maria Richetta Ekaterina Pakhomova Alessandra Varone 《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2020,52(12):1093-1097
The W-1%La2O3 alloy has been irradiated by a single laser pulse (λ = 1064 nm) to simulate transient thermal loads of high energy occurring in a tokamak under operative conditions. A zone with a diameter of ~2 mm, namely, much larger than the focal spot, results to be affected by the pulse, and a crater of about 300 μm is observed in its center. La2O3 particles are not present inside the crater. The change of surface morphology is accompanied by elemental redistribution. Multipoint XPS analysis evidenced that the concentration of La is very low in the crater and increases moving toward the border of the affected zone while that of W shows an opposite trend. The composition changes involve only the outmost 5 nm of the sample: through depth profiling, no differences of chemical composition were detected deeper in the alloy between the center and external border of the affected area. 相似文献