Using the Sequential Self-calibration Method and Genetic Algorithm Method to Optimally Design Tracer Test to Estimate Conductivity Distribution

A gradient-based inverse method – the sequential self-calibrated method – is combined with a genetic algorithm method to search the optimal design scheme for a tracer test. The sequential self-calibrated method is developed for estimating conductivity distribution in a study domain conditioning on tracer test data. To improve the calculation efficiency, a fast streamline-based approach is used to compute the derivative of concentration with respect to the changes of hydraulic conductivity. Performance of the sequential self-calibrated method has been studied using a synthetic aquifer having a sandwich-like geologic structure where hypothetical tracer tests are conducted. The study results indicate that the locations and number of sampling wells will significantly affect accuracy in the estimates. To maximize estimating accuracy in the sequential self-calibrated method for a fixed number of sampling wells, a genetic algorithm method is applied to search the optimal locations for sampling wells. The results indicate that the optimal sampling well locations depend on the apparent geologic structure and the difference in conductivity values for the various regions. For the sandwich-like structure, when the difference between conductivity values in the two separate regions is large enough, the optimal locations for the sampling wells will be fixed, regardless of conductivity values. The study results also show that based on the optimal sampling-well scheme, estimating accuracy will increase as the number of sampling wells increases, even though the rate of increasing accuracy slows as the number of wells increases.     

Theoretical amplitude and period of precursor solition generation in two-layer flow

An fKdV equation of two-layer flow and an averaged fKdV equation (AfKdV equation) with respect to phase are derived to determine the theoretical amplitude and period of the precursor solitons in the present paper. In terms of the AfKdV equation derived by the authors, a new theory on the precursor soliton generation based on Lee et al.'s concept is presented. Concepts of asymptotic mean hydraulic fall and level are introduced in our analysis, and the theoretical amplitude and period both depend on the asymptotic mean levels and stratified parameters. From the present theoretical results, it is obtained that when the moving velocity of the topography is at the resonant points, there exist two general relations: (1) amplitude relation Å=2F, (2) period relation $\mathop \tau \limits^ \circ = - 8m_1 m_3^{ - 1} \sqrt {6m_4 m_3^{ - 1} } \mathcal{F}$ , in which Å and $\tau $ are the amplitude and period of the precursor solitons at the resonant points respectively,m ₁,m ₃ andm ₄ are coefficients of the fKdV equation, andF is an asymptotic mean half-hydraulic fall at subcritical cutoff points. The theoretical results of this paper are compared with experiments and numerical calculations of two-layer flow over a semicircular topography and all these results are in good agreement. Due to the canonical character of the coefficients of fKdV equations, this theory also holds for any two-dimensional system, which can be reduced to fKdV equations.     

Mechanical frontiers in shale-gas development

页岩气的开采涉及破裂和收集输运两个关键过程.如何实现2000,m以下、复杂地应力作用下、多相复杂介质组分的页岩层内网状裂纹的形成,同时将孔洞、缝隙中的游离、吸附气体进行高效收集,涉及到诸多的核心力学问题.这一工程过程涵盖了力学前沿研究的诸多领域：介质和裂纹从纳米尺度到千米尺度的空间跨越,游离、吸附气体输运过程中微秒以下的时间尺度事件到历经数年开采的时间尺度跨越,不同尺度上流体固体的相互作用,以及压裂过程中通过监测信息反演内部破坏状态等.针对近年来我们国家页岩气勘探开发工作所取得的成就及后续发展中面临的前沿力学问题,在综合介绍页岩气藏的基本特征和开发技术的基础上,以页岩气开采中的若干力学前沿问题为主线,从页岩力学性质及其表征方法、页岩气藏实验模拟技术、页岩气微观流动机制及流固耦合特征、水力压裂过程数值模拟方法、水力压裂过程微地震监测技术、高效环保的无水压裂技术等6个方面的最新研究进展进行了总结和展望,结合页岩气藏开发的工程实践, 深入探究了其中力学关键问题,以期对从事页岩气领域的开发和研究的从业人员提供理论基础, 同时,该方面的内容对力学学科、尤其是岩土力学领域的科研工作也具有重要指导价值.     

Experimental investigations into vortex flow in a straight,annular section channel

Results of experimental velocity measurements in air at several cross-sections along a straight annular section channel comparable to a hydraulic machine admission duct are presented. The flow analysis focuses on the axial and tangential velocity components and their modification with changes in the intensity of swirl along the channel. Particular prominence is given to an anomalous flow, the ‘dead water core’, occurring at the greatest swirl intensities. An earlier method of evaluating the core size of this anomalous flow on the basis of a vortex-type schematization is tested; Strscheletzky's method is also analysed. Finally a definition of the dead water core dimensions based on the axial velocity component distribution is proposed     

一种浆体管道中气体含量的测试方法

实际的浆体输送管道中通常都含有少量的气体并会使泵的性能明显下降,现有的常规方法很难测量该气体含量。本文给出了浆体管道中气液固三相伪均质流和非均质流压力波波速计算式,数值分析表明,波速随着浆体中气体含量增加而迅速降低,并应用实例探讨了利用声速来测量浆体管道中气体含量的可行性和具体的测试方法,结果表明,通过在线测量管路中声波的速度或频率可以较准确地获得浆体中微量气体体积含量。     

垂直裂缝气井生产动态预测及参数识别

为了摆脱分析解释水力压裂裂缝参数时选择图版的繁复工作和克服人为的误差,在引入非达西因子的基础上,考虑裂缝导流能力在生产过程中的变化,提出了垂直裂缝气井中真实气体在地层-裂缝系统中非达西渗流的数学模型和生产动态预测模型,建立了识别垂直裂缝气井水力裂缝参数的生产历史自动拟合模型,并给出了数值解法,为认识和了解气层、分析和评估气井压裂施工质量,提供了准确可靠的方法。     

复杂结构水池的爆破拆除及分析

对筒形水池水压爆破拆除的药理计算,布药方式及安全校核等作了详尽介绍和分析,希望对同类工程有所借鉴。     

水压致裂过程分析的数值试验方法

应用自主开发的岩石破坏过程渗流与应力耦合分析软件F－RFPA^2D研究均质,非均质岩石水压致裂过程,对比理论解验证数值模拟软件的可靠性,为该问题破裂机制的研究提供新的分析方法。     

水工混凝土小角度冲蚀磨损特性的研究

选用55kW的3GQ-2/70型高压清洗水射流装置作为水工混凝土的冲蚀磨损设备,考察了小角度条件下含沙高速水射流作用下混凝土材料的冲蚀磨损性能。结果表明：混凝土肥到严重的冲蚀磨损;在冲击角度较小时,混凝土材料的冲蚀磨损机制主要表现为硬质磨粒沿水平速度方向的切削作用,以及沿垂直方向的冲击作用导致的表面裂纹和脆性断裂;钢纤维对混凝土材料的小角度冲蚀破坏有明显的增强作用。     

Soil compaction and over-winter changes to tracked-vehicle ruts, Yakima Training Center, Washington

We monitored two experimental areas at the Yakima Training Center (YTC) in central Washington to measure changes to M1A2 Abrams (M1) tank-rut surface geometry and in- and out-of-rut saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs), soil penetration resistance (SPR) and soil bulk density (BD). Profile-meter data show that rut cross-sectional profiles smoothed significantly and that turning ruts did so more than straight ruts. Rut edges were zones of erosion and sidewall bases were zones of deposition. K_fs values were similar in and out of ruts formed on soil with 0–5% moisture by volume, but were lower in ruts formed on soil with about 15% water. Mean SPR was similar in and out of ruts from 0- to 5-cm depth, increased to 2 MPa outside ruts and 4 MPa inside ruts at 10- to 15-cm depth, and decreased by 10–38% outside ruts and by 39–48% inside ruts at the 30-cm depth. Soil BD was similar in and out of ruts from 0- to 2.5-cm depth, and below 2.5 cm, it was generally higher in ruts formed on moist soil with highest values between 10- and 20-cm depth. Conversely, BD in ruts formed on dry soil was similar to out-of-rut BD at all depths. This information is important for determining impacts of tank ruts on water infiltration and soil erosion and for modifying the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) models to more accurately predict soil losses on army training lands.