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61.
62.
《Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews》2013,6(4):487-533
Abstract Deep eutectic solvents (DES) and glycerol have been successfully employed as efficient catalysts/reaction media in the synthesis of N-aryl phthalimide derivatives from phthalic anhydride and primary aromatic amines. The DES prepared from choline chloride and malonic acid proved to be an efficient catalyst whereas glycerol and the DES of choline chloride and urea played a dual role of catalyst and solvent. These mixtures are biodegradable, nontoxic, and cost-effective thereby providing a good industrial alternative to conventional methods. These methods gave products in moderate to high yields with good recyclability of catalyst/solvent at least up to five consecutive runs. 相似文献
63.
Yuntao Dai Jaap van Spronsen Geert-Jan Witkamp Robert Verpoorte Young Hae Choi 《Analytica chimica acta》2013
Developing new green solvents is one of the key subjects in Green Chemistry. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents, thus, have been paid great attention to replace current harsh organic solvents and have been applied to many chemical processing such as extraction and synthesis. However, current ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have still limitations to be applied to a real chemical industry due to toxicity against human and environment and high cost of ILs and solid state of most deep eutectic solvents at room temperature. Recently we discovered that many plant abundant primary metabolites changed their state from solid to liquid when they were mixed in proper ratio. This finding made us hypothesize that natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) play a role as alternative media to water in living organisms and tested a wide range of natural products, which resulted in discovery of over 100 NADES from nature. In order to prove deep eutectic feature the interaction between the molecules was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the tested NADES show clear hydrogen bonding between components. As next step physical properties of NADES such as water activity, density, viscosity, polarity and thermal properties were measured as well as the effect of water on the physical properties. In the last stage the novel NADES were applied to the solubilization of wide range of biomolecules such as non-water soluble bioactive natural products, gluten, starch, and DNA. In most cases the solubility of the biomolecules evaluated in this study was greatly higher than water. Based on the results the novel NADES may be expected as potential green solvents at room temperature in diverse fields of chemistry. 相似文献
64.
Venkata Bharat Nishtala 《合成通讯》2013,43(18):2342-2349
Various spirooxindolopyrans and xanthenes were synthesized efficiently through a pseudo-three-component reaction by using deep eutectic solvent (DES) ZnCl2+Urea. The remarkable advantages of this reaction are the usage of an environmentally benign solvent (DES), simple purification method, operational simplicity, less reaction time, and higher yields making the reaction a green protocol. 相似文献
65.
采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/SiC甲烷化催化剂, 研究了SiC载体表面氧化程度对催化剂低温活性和高温稳定性的影响, 并采用热重-差示扫描量热、N2物理吸附、傅立叶变换红外光谱、氨程序升温脱附、X射线衍射、氢程序升温还原和氢化学吸附技术对样品进行了表征. 结果表明, 随着载体氧化温度的提高, 催化剂的比表面积和镍分散度降低, 但还原性和反应稳定性提高. 未氧化载体所负载催化剂的高温稳定性最差, 其原因在于载体对镍粒子的固定作用最弱. 负载于500和700℃处理的SiC载体上的催化剂具有较好的低温活性和高温稳定性, 这是因为适度氧化后的载体能较好地分散并固定镍粒子. 900℃处理的载体因过度氧化形成了低活性的氧化层, 使负载的镍粒子变大, 因而催化剂的低温活性最差. 相似文献
66.
Dr. Benjamin Frank Dr. Thomas P. Cotter Dr. Manfred E. Schuster Prof. Dr. Robert Schlögl Dr. Annette Trunschke 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(50):16938-16945
The effect of the gas‐phase chemical potential on surface chemistry and reactivity of molybdenum carbide has been investigated in catalytic reactions of propane in oxidizing and reducing reactant mixtures by adding H2, O2, H2O, and CO2 to a C3H8/N2 feed. The balance between surface oxidation state, phase stability, carbon deposition, and the complex reaction network involving dehydrogenation reactions, hydrogenolysis, metathesis, water‐gas shift reaction, hydrogenation, and steam reforming is discussed. Raman spectroscopy and a surface‐sensitive study by means of in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy evidence that the dynamic formation of surface carbon species under a reducing atmosphere strongly shifts the product spectrum to the C3‐alkene at the expense of hydrogenolysis products. A similar response of selectivity, which is accompanied by a boost of activity, is observed by tuning the oxidation state of Mo in the presence of mild oxidants, such as H2O and CO2, in the feed as well as by V doping. The results obtained allow us to draw a picture of the active catalyst surface and to propose a structure–activity correlation as a map for catalyst optimization. 相似文献
67.
68.
Deep eutectic solvents (such as the combination of urea and choline chloride) are effective solvents/organocatalysts for the condensation of indole and aryl or alkenyl aldehydes to form bis(indolyl)methanes. The reaction conditions are quite mild and do not require additional Bronsted or Lewis acid catalyst, though they fail with ketones or aliphatic aldehydes. Given the inexpensive, non-toxic, and recyclable nature of the DES, these reaction conditions are simple and highly environmentally friendly. 相似文献
69.
Silicon carbide is considered as a bio-inert semiconductor material; consequently, it has been proposed for potential applications in human body implantation. In this study, we study the effect of implanting different metal ions on the surface properties of silicon carbide single crystal. The valence states of the elements and the surface roughness of implanted SiC were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscope, respectively. Osteoblastic MG-63 cells were utilized to characterize the cytocompatibility of ion implanted SiC. The results show that after Nb ion implantation on the SiC surface, it mainly exists in the form of Nb–C bond, Nb–O bond, and a small amount of metallic niobium. The titanium implanted on SiC primarily forms Ti-C bond and Ti-O bond. The tungsten implanted on SiC mostly presents as metallic tungsten and W–O bond. The roughness of silicon carbide single crystal is improved by ion implantation of all three metal ions. Ion implantation of titanium and niobium can improve the cell compatibility and hydrophilicity of silicon carbide, whereas ion implantation of tungsten reduces the cell compatibility and hydrophilicity of silicon carbide. 相似文献
70.