燃料敏感性对内燃机部分预混燃烧(PPC)光谱特性的影响研究

在一台光学发动机上,利用火焰高速成像技术和自发光光谱分析法,研究了燃料敏感性(S)为0和6时对发动机缸内火焰发展和燃烧发光光谱的影响。试验过程中,通过改变喷油时刻 (SOI=-25,-15和-5°CA ATDC) 使燃烧模式从部分预混燃烧过渡到传统柴油燃烧模式。通过使用正庚烷、异辛烷、乙醇混合燃料来改变燃料敏感性。结果表明,在PPC模式下(-25°CA ATDC),火焰发展过程是从近壁面区域开始着火,而后向燃烧室中心发展,即存在类似火焰传播过程,同时在燃烧室下部未燃区域也形成新的着火自燃点。敏感性对燃烧相位影响较大,对缸内燃烧火焰发展历程影响较小;高敏感性燃料OH和CH带状光谱出现的时刻推迟,表明高敏感性燃料高温反应过程推迟,且光谱强度更低,表明碳烟辐射强度减弱。在PPC到CDC之间的过渡区域(-15°CA ATDC),燃烧火焰发光更亮,燃烧反应速率比-25°CA ATDC时刻的反应速率更快。高、低敏感性燃料对缸压放热率的影响规律与-25°CA ATDC相近,此时的燃烧反应更剧烈,放热率更高,碳烟出现时刻更早。该喷油时刻下的光谱强度高于PPC模式下的光谱强度,说明此时的CO氧化反应与碳烟辐射更强。在CDC模式下(-5°CA ATDC),由于使用的燃料活性较低,燃烧放热时刻过于推迟,放热量很小,缸内燃烧压力低,因此燃料敏感性对缸压和放热率的影响不明显,但从燃烧着火图像中可以看到高敏感性燃料的火焰出现时刻较低敏感性燃料推迟。低敏感性燃料的燃烧初期蓝色火焰首先出现在燃烧室中心,着火火焰出现时刻更早,之后蓝色火焰从中心向周围扩散,呈现火焰传播为主导的燃烧过程;燃烧后期,局部混合气过浓区导致亮黄色火焰面积逐渐增大并向周围扩散。高敏感性燃料的火焰发展趋势与低敏感性燃料类似,黄色火焰的亮度与面积更小。尽管高、低敏感性燃料的OH和CH带状光谱的出现时间相近,但高敏感性燃料的光谱强度仍更低。综合分析,火焰发展结构与自发光光谱特征主要受喷油时刻的影响,燃料的敏感性主要影响着火时刻和火焰自发光光谱强度,且高敏感性燃料的光谱强度更低。     

对羟基苯乙醇的合成

综述了对羟基苯乙醇的重要合成方法及其最新进展。参考文献33篇。     

自适应原型法的要点

本文在对当前原型法中的数据驱动分析的基础上，提出了一种新的原型化开发方法：“自适应原型化开发方法”。该方法可用于构造具有高度自适应能力的、易维护的应用系统。     

京杭运河(杭州段)旅游资源及其旅游功能开发研究

从分析运河杭州段旅游资源的空间分布特征入手，对其旅游开发条件进行了评价，揭示了杭州城市旅游业发展与运河间的相互关系，提出运河杭州段旅游开发的功能定位与形象策划，并对运河各区段的旅游开发方向提出了建设的性的总体构想。     

第十讲数字信号处理与数字信号处理器(DSP)

文章简要介绍了“数字信号处理”与“数字信号处理器（DSP）”的发展历史．在数字信号处理的应用中，实时实现是非常重要的，而DSP在实时处理中，扮演了一个重要的角色．文章中还介绍了DSP在实际应用中的一些关键技术，例如DSP的种类和选型，DSP的开发工具，实时软件的开发过程等．最后，还介绍了一些DSP的应用实例，如语音编码器，视频电话和视频会议系统，用于雷达和声纳的DSP并行处理系统     

Induced Chern-Simons term of a paired electron state in the quantum Hall system

The induced Chern-Simons term for a paired electron state is calculated in the quantum Hall system by using a field theory on the von Neumann lattice. The coefficient of the Chern-Simons term, which is the Hall conductance, has not only the usual term proportional to a filling factor due to P (parity) & T (time reversal) symmetry breaking but also correction terms due to P & T & U(1) symmetry breaking. The correction term essentially comes from the Nambu-Goldstone mode and depends on an infrared limit. It is shown that the correction term is related to a topological number of a gap function in the momentum space.     

Ab-initio Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field calculations—An indigenous development of computer programs

A set of indigenously developed computer programs for ab-initio Hartree-Fock calculations on both closed- and open-shell molecules have been described. These programs have been written for calculations using GTO basis sets. Integral formulae have been taken from Taketaet al [8]. Structures and functions of the programs have been discussed. These programs have been extensively tested. Molecular integrals over GTO basis sets have been chosen for tests and as numerical examples in this paper. Results of calculations using very accurate minimal bases have been given for methane. Time taken for these computations in a CDC Cyber 180/840 machine has been indicated. Trends in the calculations have also been illustrated by employing 4-gaussian expansions for the STO’s and by varying the basis size for LiH and BH⁺. An erratum to this article is available at .     

黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)子叶发育过程中谷氨酰胺合成酶同工酶的变化

采用Native-PAGE和活性染色的方法检测黄瓜种子萌发和子叶发育过程中GS同工酶的类型和活性，以期了解同工酶在子叶发育过程中的作用，在下种子中，只观察到一种不同于GS1和GS2形式的同工酶随着发育过程迅速消失，在种子萌发和子叶发育过程中，子叶GS1活性先于GS2出现，而且两者活性均很快升高；子叶绿化后GS2是主要的，外源氮素能硅著增强它的活性；子叶发育后期这两种同工酶活性逐步下降，在真叶发育中，同样观察到两种GS同工酶，以GS2为主．在暗转光后，GS2明显被诱导；而当光／暗转换后，GS1活性在子叶和真叶中均显著增加．GS同工酶活性随发育以及环境条件的变化而改变的现象与它们在代谢上的功能需要是一致的。     

Structure and property development in poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) during heat treatment under tension

The evolution of several structural characteristics during isothermal heat treatment of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) was studied. In this work, heat treatment was interrupted after different treatment times, with the specimens immediately quenched to room temperature. These specimens were then characterized by tensile testing, wide- and small-angle x-ray scattering, and optical microscopy. Structural parameters obtained from these measurements relate to crystal perfection (via the paracrystalline axial distortion parameter), axial crystallite size, transverse crystallite size, degree of chain misorientation, and degree of pleating. Structural and mechanical parameters were then plotted against heat-treatment time to obtain kinetic isotherms for each parameter. The kinetics of the removal of chain misorientation parallels that of tensile modulus increase under all conditions. Of the other structural parameters, only the kinetics of pleat removal mimics that of modulus change, indicating that pleat removal is the effective cause of increased chain alignment and thereby of increased axial stiffness. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Concept and synthetic approach for a kilogram scale synthesis of octa-d-arginine amide nonahydrochloride salt

Oligomers of arginine, such as octa-d-arginine amide, are excellent transporters for active drugs through cell membranes and tissue. The synthesis of octa-d-arginine amide, as the nonahydrochloride salt, was approached via a solution phase synthetic route involving the preparation of an octa-d-ornithine intermediate, which was then converted into the desired octa-d-arginine compound through a guanidinylation step. The multi-step synthesis was carried out at pilot scale, resulting in the preparation of 700 g of the target molecule. No chromatographic purification was needed at any step of the process.