全日制六年制重点中学单课性选修的高中二、三年级化学课本编写提纲(征求意见稿)

原子核。同位素。电子云。电子层和电子亚层。s电子云和p电子云的图象。d电子,f电子。电子的自旋。H到Kr的电子层排布。原子结构与周期系。     

信息与服务

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尖晶石对β／β″—Al2O3膜相组成和离子导电性的影响

以wag／P”－AI。O。为固体电解质的CO。、SO。、NO。等气体传感器的研究已有很多报道［‘－‘］，多采用的是个AI。O。结构的电解质。AI刀。和p”－AI刃。的结构具有一定的相似性，但后者具有更高的迁移离子浓度和更开放的晶体结构，表现出更好的离子导电性‘’‘．由于卢”－AI。O。为介稳结构，需要加入如Li。O、MgO等作为稳定剂才能稳定存在．以Li对稳定的产”－al。O。烧结较容易，P”－AI。O。相转化率高，但以MsO为稳定剂制备的”－AI刃。其显微结构和抗吸湿性能更为优越．LJLi对和MgO共同稳定的产”－AI。O。可以…     

第二届国家期刊奖科技期刊名单

————3”区Li“川—产队 究所‘”然科学版)-仪阿4”y卜人于2。。。。。中。。。。。。。。。。17 吉霉坤”””’”。。。。。。。中。。。。。。。。。。r。。。。,。中。。。。旧。。。。。。。g”“““g票寞宗羌民’-4。。。华。、。。中。。。中华。。。19。。。。。;2腆-厂 北。机。。。。5 物理学报 中国科学院 中科院物理所20 上海环境科学 上海市 卜海市环保局6 高等学校化学学报 教育部)}林大学、南“大ZI 中国药学杂志 中国科协 中国医学会7 金属学报 中国科协 中国金属学会22 金种铸。及有色合 中国科快 中闷机械工程学《…     

不等式在化学中的应用

中学化学中的数字运算有等式和不等式两种。等式属定式、较具体。呈定向思维;不等式属受式、较抽象。呈发散思维。中学生对化学中的等式运算大多能得心应手。但对不等式的化学意义的建立和求解常感陌生。为此设计不等式的应用。对加强学科间联系。启迪发散思维。提高分析和解决问题的能力。无疑很有必要。本文浅析了不等式在中学化学中的常见应用。     

氯化铅在水溶液中的熵和焓

标准自由能变化∆G。与∆H。、∆S。的关系是: ∆G。=∆H。-T∆S。(1)只要知道了∆H。和∆S。,便可以计算出不同温度下的∆G。。本实验是通过测量PbCl2溶解度随温度的变化,以作图法计算出∆H。和∆S。。     

TiO2-Al2O3作为Mo催化剂担体的研究

Tio。－AI。oa二元氧化物的制备at艺大体可分为两种．一种是利用液相浸渍或气相沉积方法将Tio。担载在AI。0。上，使Tio。主要覆盖在AI。0。表面上［‘－1另一种是通过Ti盐和AI盐混合溶液共沉淀方法使Tio。和AI。0。均匀混合在一起【‘－’1．不同的制备工艺对Tio。－AI。03的表面结构和表面性质有很大影响问．我们曾报导用TICly蒸气化学气相沉积方法制备出了D02在1川2O3表面呈现十分均匀分布的DoZ一周。03复合氧化物担体＊’1．本文进一步考察D0。在周。0。表面的沉积对川。0。孔结构的影响，以及Ti02－A1203作为加氢精制MO催…     

开展微型实验教学之我见

近年来。中学化学实验教学取得了长足进展。但我国地域广阔。发展不平衡。也存在一定问题。     

第26届国际化学奥林匹克竞赛理论试题答案

第２６届国际化学奥林匹克竞赛理论试题答案吴国庆编译（北京师范大学化学系１００８７５）８一＠（ａ）ＨＬ十Ｈ。Ｏ—Ｈ。Ｏ十十Ｌ－Ｋ。。一１．４·１０－‘;Ｃ。。一３．００·回旷’Ｋ。。一［Ｈ。Ｏ”］’／｛Ｃ。。一［Ｈ。Ｏ”」｝（·;Ｃ／Ｋ—３·１０－’／...     

关于全国化学竞赛（浙江赛区）的调查问卷

说明;问卷可选答,肯定的可在圈中打V或境空。否定的打X。回答问题如空格不够可另外附纸。认为学生参加化学竞赛活动的结果是：①学习动力增强了。②学习兴趣增加了,i牛刀向觉性增加了。④学习情绪高涨了。呈学到的知识总墓地加了。③对化学知识的理解加深了。e对高考试题的应答能力增强了。③高考成功率提高了。o会考不费力了,＠想将来学化学了。＠对中学化学大纲规定的内容的理解能力提高厂。农学到了一些学家的思想方法和工作方法。跨对科学技术对祖国现代化的作用有厂更深刻的认识。D更感到化学是一一／〕似是而北的乏味的科学。⑤…     

示波分析在中国的发展：Ⅰ.示波分析法

示波分析是在我国新近发展起来的电分析新领域，它有十大类技术：示波计时电位法，改进的示波计时电位法，倒数示波计量电位法，示波电位法，示波伏安８法。示波分析包括示波滴定和示波测定两大分支。本文综述示波分析的方法和特点。     

三维人脸识别算法研究

近年来,基于三维图像的人脸识别技术已经取得了很大进展,在约束环境下也能获得很好的识别性能,但仍受限于姿态、表情等因素,需要从算法上改进才能解决其影响。本文分别从基于空域直接匹配、基于局部特征匹配和基于整体特征匹配3个角度出发,对人脸匹配算法以及融合算法进行了研究,列出了部分改进算法的实验结果,并分析了算法有效性的原因,总结了目前面临的三维人脸识别算法难以突破的一些困难及未来的研究趋势。     

Flow “Fine” Synthesis: High Yielding and Selective Organic Synthesis by Flow Methods

The concept of flow “fine” synthesis, that is, high yielding and selective organic synthesis by flow methods, is described. Some examples of flow “fine” synthesis of natural products and APIs are discussed. Flow methods have several advantages over batch methods in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety. However, synthesis by flow methods is more difficult than synthesis by batch methods. Indeed, it has been considered that synthesis by flow methods can be applicable for the production of simple gasses but that it is difficult to apply to the synthesis of complex molecules such as natural products and APIs. Therefore, organic synthesis of such complex molecules has been conducted by batch methods. On the other hand, syntheses and reactions that attain high yields and high selectivities by flow methods are increasingly reported. Flow methods are leading candidates for the next generation of manufacturing methods that can mitigate environmental concerns toward sustainable society.     

Review of separation methods for the determination of ammonium/ammonia in natural water

Ammonium (NH₄⁺) and ammonia (NH₃) in aquatic ecosystems are of great interest to environmental scientists because they can be used to study the nitrogen cycle and as water quality indicators. Analytical separation methods developed in recent decades have been used widely to determine NH₄⁺ and NH₃ in aqueous solutions. This review presents an overview of state-of-the-art separation methods and analytical techniques for determining NH₃/NH₄⁺ in natural water, including chromatographic methods, electrophoretic methods, extraction methods, membrane-based gas diffusion methods, membraneless gas diffusion methods, passive sampling methods, and paper-based analytical methods. Common detection techniques that can be used in conjunction with particular separation methods are described, phase-transfer strategies (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-membrane-liquid, and liquid-gas-liquid methods) are highlighted, and the strengths and weaknesses of the separation methods are discussed. The outlook, challenges, and expected future developments in the field of separation methods for determining NH₄⁺ and NH₃ in natural water are presented.     

Overview of Special Session B—Compositional and Structural Analysis of Biomass

Special Session B at the 29th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was the first invited session at this symposium devoted to analytical methods. The special topic was added in response to numerous requests for information on new and innovative methods that could be applied in the growing renewable fuels industry. Presentation topics include analytical methods for the characterization and analysis of maize traits, tools for investigating cell wall limitations to enzymatic degradation, methods for customizing enzyme cocktails for biomass, new techniques for the analysis of carbohydrates, analytical methods that enhance our understanding of pretreatment, improved methods for monitoring process intermediates, and published standard analytical methods for biomass conversion processes.     

On the existence of primary methods of measurement

 There is much discussion in chemical metrology about the definition of primary methods of measurement, just as a couple of years ago there was debate about its predecessors, absolute methods and definitive methods. It is argued in this paper that the designation of certain methods as being primary only makes sense if there is an outstanding property identified that is common to all primary methods, and not present for all non-primary methods. The aim to identify primary methods should not blur our notion that it is the good practice of analytical chemistry that produces good results, not a particular method of analysis.     

废弃油脂生产生物柴油的研究进展

简单介绍了生物柴油的生产原料,综述了用废弃油脂生产生物柴油的现状和方法。废弃油脂生产生物柴油的方法主要有物理法和化学法,物理法主要有掺和法和微乳法,化学法主要有热裂解法和酯交换法。目前生产中采用化学法的酯交换法、以酸碱两步催化法的工艺为主,而生物酶法和超临界法是研究热点。     

橡胶贮存寿命预测方法研究进展与思考建议

概述了用数学模型法预测橡胶贮存寿命的方法,包括阿伦尼斯模型,用ASTM D412评估橡胶拉伸性能,应力应变老化模型,压缩永久变形的预测方法,橡胶疲劳寿命损伤模型,用有限元法考核橡胶的裂纹长度与抗裂能之间的关系,基于叠加原理的寿命预测模型等,针对上述模型预测研究结果提出了相关思考建议。认为以老化动力学为基础预测材料寿命的数学模型法发展非常迅速,建议深入研究并拓宽应用;在透彻了解和掌握必需的分子结构参数的基础上,如果结合计算机技术模拟长期贮存或使用条件,对橡胶老化反应机理的研究可能是一个有前景的发展方向。     

Complementary use of model-free and modelistic methods in the analysis of solid-state kinetics

There are many methods for analyzing solid-state kinetic data. They are generally grouped into two categories, model-fitting and isoconversional (model-free) methods. Historically, model-fitting methods were widely used because of their ability to directly determine the kinetic triplet (i.e., frequency factor [A], activation energy [E(a)], and model). However, these methods suffer from several problems among which is their inability to uniquely determine the reaction model. This has led to the decline of these methods in favor of isoconversional methods that evaluate kinetics without modelistic assumptions. This work proposes an approach that combines the power of isoconversional methods with model-fitting methods. It is based on using isoconversional methods instead of traditional statistical fitting methods to select the reaction model. Once a reaction model has been selected, the activation energy and frequency factor can be determined for that model. This approach was investigated for simulated and real experimental data for desolvation reactions of sulfameter solvates.