砖砌烟囱爆破拆除倾倒过程的观测分析

本文通过对砖砌烟囱爆破拆除的实例分析得到,在砖砌烟囱的爆破拆除倾倒过程中,其倾倒支点是不断移动的,随着烟囱主体的不断下沉,相对于未垮部分的烟囱主体来说,该支点沿烟囱筒体不断向上移动。这表明,不能简单地按刚体模型描述砖砌烟囱的倾倒运动。     

Dispersion of Gas Bubbles in Large-Scale Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence

An approximate analysis is given of the dispersion of gas bubbles that rise at large Reynolds number through large-scale homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, characterized by the Kraichnan energy-spectrum function. A fairly well-established equation of motion of the bubbles, originally proposed by Thomas et al. [16], is used to derive a closed set of equations for the components of the dispersion tensor of the bubbles in a manner analogous to that used by Saffman [12] for fluid particles and by Pismen and Nir [10, 11] for solid particles. The equations are then solved to obtain the diffusivities and the intensities of bubble velocity fluctuations. Analytical solutions are compared with results from simulations of the bubble motion in a Gaussian random velocity field.     

圆柱壳轴向流固冲击屈曲与塑性失效的实验研究

通过对三种不同径厚比圆柱壳进行的流固冲击实验，分析了它们在流固冲击载荷下的动力响应特点，并与相应的高速撞击与静力屈曲实验作了简单的比较，分析了它们之间的异同点。同时文中对极值冲击倒塌特性进行了详细分析     

瞬态空化泡演变过程的数值模拟

采用边界积分方程方法，对无粘流体中三个空化泡以及自由面附近二个空化泡相互作用的演变过程进行了数值模拟。计算中边界用二阶有限元离散，影响系数矩阵非对角线元素用六点高斯数值积分方法计算，对第一类、第二类完全椭圆积分用高次多项式近似，对计算系数矩阵对角线元素中遇到的奇异积分进行了特殊处理。结果表明，在不同的给定参数下，空化泡的溃灭形态各异，柱状射流和环形射流都有可能发生，使空化泡演变成双泡或环形泡。     

Application of a multivariate approach for analyte focusing by micelle collapse‐micellar electrokinetic chromatography for analyzing sunscreen agents in cosmetics

The operating parameters that affect the performance of the online preconcentration technique “analyte focusing by micelle collapse‐MEKC (AFMC‐MEKC)” were examined using a multivariate approach involving experimental design to determine the sunscreen agents in cosmetics. Compared to the single‐variable approach, the advantage of the multivariate approach was that many factors could be investigated simultaneously to obtain the best separation condition. A fractional factorial design was used to identify the fewest significant factors in the central composite design (cCD). The cCD was adopted for evaluating the location of the minimum or maximum response in this study. The influences of the experimental variables on the response were investigated by applying a chromatographic exponential function. The optimized condition and the relationship between the experimental variables were acquired using the JMP software. The ANOVA analysis indicated that the Tris pH value, SDS concentration, and ethanol percentage influenced the separation quality and significantly contributed to the model. The optimized condition of the running buffer was 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 9.5) containing 60 mM SDS, 7 mM γ‐CD, and 20% v/v ethanol. The sample was prepared in 100 mM Tris buffer (pH 9.0) containing 7.5 mM SDS and 20% v/v ethanol. The SDS concentration in the sample matrix was slightly greater than the CMC value that makes the micelle be easily collapsed and the analytes be accumulated in the capillary. In addition, sunscreen agents in cosmetics after 1000‐fold dilution were successfully determined by AFMC‐MEKC.     

Explosive vaporization in microenclosures

The explosive vaporization of a liquid above planar microheaters induces a fast increase of pressure that is exploited in many thermally driven actuators in MEMS components such as ink jet printer cartridges, pumps, valves and optical switches. Some of these components need to enclose the working fluid as it is the case of valves in which the heated liquid is separated from the flow that it regulates by a flexible membrane. To achieve a better insight into the thermodynamic processes involved, the present work investigates experimentally an enclosed microsystem designed and fabricated for this purpose, composed of a small liquid volume (8 nL) heated by a electric pulse for 2 μs supplied to a planar microfabricated heater. During the heating, the temperature-induced change in resistance can be determined by imposing a defined current and measuring the voltage drop over the heater. While the chip is based on a silicon substrate with integrated platinum heaters and sensors, the structure enclosing the fluid (cavity and fluidic access to it) is made of a silicone elastomer, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). This transparent material is widely used in microfluidics and allows for flexible and transparent walls that can be deflected by increasing the pressure inside the cavity. To seal the system the inlet and the outlet were closed by blocking them with a metallic stab. In the present work we visualize vaporization of isopropanol in contact with a suddenly heated planar resistor for two different cavity heights, 150 μm and 16 μm. The rate of temperature rise of the thin liquid layer in contact with the heater is of the order of 10⁷ K s⁻¹ for a pulse duration of 2 μs. We compare bubble growth and collapse for the open and closed systems. Compared to the open system, the bubble growth in the closed system is considerably damped.     

The motion of a small bubble in waves

The motion of a single spherical small bubble due to buoyancy in the ideal fluid with waves is investigated theoretically and experimentally in this article. Assuming that the bubble has no effect on the wave field, equations of a bubble motion are obtained and solved. It is found that the nonlinear effect increases with the increase of the bubble radius and the rising time. The rising time and the motion orbit are given by calculations and experiments. When the radius of a bubble is smaller than 0.5mm and the distance from the free surface is greater than the wave height, the results of the present theory are in close agreement with measurements. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

缓变主流中三维气泡的非线性振动

空化现象和水下噪声机制与液体中气泡的动力学行为密切相关．在无粘势流的假定下，采用多参数摄动分析，研究了缓变主流中三维气泡的非线性体积模态振动．推导了关于缓变泡形展开的各阶扰动方程，获得了一阶振动的演化方程和一些特殊情况下的解析解；并采用高阶有限元离散的边界积分方程方法，对平面固壁和自由面附近三维气泡的固有频率进行了数值计算     

球状泡群内气泡的耦合振动

振动气泡形成辐射场影响其他气泡的运动, 故多气泡体系中气泡处于耦合振动状态. 本文在气泡群振动模型的基础上, 考虑气泡间耦合振动的影响, 得到了均匀球状泡群内振动气泡的动力学方程, 以此为基础分析了气泡的非线性声响应特征. 气泡间的耦合振动增加了系统对每个气泡的约束, 降低了气泡的自然共振频率, 增强了气泡的非线性声响应. 随着气泡数密度的增加, 振动气泡受到的抑制增强; 增加液体静压力同样可抑制泡群内气泡的振动, 且存在静压力敏感区(1–2 atm, 1 atm=1.01325×10⁵ Pa); 驱动声波对气泡振动影响很大, 随着声波频率的增加, 能够形成空化影响的气泡尺度范围变窄. 在同样的声条件、泡群尺寸以及气泡内外环境下, 初始半径小于5 μm 的气泡具有较强的声响应. 气泡耦合振动会削弱单个气泡的空化影响, 但可延长多气泡系统空化泡崩溃发生的时间间隔和增大作用范围, 整体空化效应增强.     

阶梯AlGaN外延新型Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaNHEMTs器件实验研究

本文报道了作者提出的阶梯AlGaN外延层新型AlGaN/GaN HEMTs结构的实验结果. 实验利用感应耦合等离子体刻蚀(ICP)刻蚀栅边缘的AlGaN外延层, 形成阶梯的AlGaN 外延层结构, 获得浓度分区的沟道2DEG, 使得阶梯AlGaN外延层边缘出现新的电场峰, 有效降低栅边缘的高峰电场, 从而优化了AlGaN/GaN HEMTs器件的表面电场分布. 实验获得了阈值电压-1.5 V的新型AlGaN/GaN HEMTs器件. 经过测试, 同样面积的器件击穿电压从传统结构的67 V提高到新结构的106 V, 提高了58%左右; 脉冲测试下电流崩塌量也比传统结构减少了30%左右, 电流崩塌效应得到了一定的缓解.