基于临界状态的砂土本构模型研究

砂土孔隙比及所受压力是其力学特性的重要影响因素. 本文基于砂土临界状态线特性分析,采用以e-(p/p_a)ξ平面内的线性关系描述其等向压缩线. 通过对比分析两种不同压缩线函数 与临界状态线函数之间的关系提出更适合描述砂土在等向压缩下的参考压缩线,并给出了基于参考压缩线的等向硬化规律. 建议了适用于 描述砂土剪切特性的屈服面函数,并给出利用等向压缩和等p路径确定屈服面形状参数μ的方法. 将不同应力比对应的压缩线作为砂土状态参量参考线,以获取潜在强度M_f与特征状态应力比M_c,进而描述砂土压缩与剪切特性;基于等向压缩与等p路径建立了当前应力比与状态参量参考线之间的相关关系,从而实现了砂土状 态参量参考线由参考压缩线向临界状态线平稳过渡. 建立的砂土本构模型共11个参数,均能够通过常规土工试验或经验获取. 基于模型预测与Toyoura砂的等向压缩、三轴不排水剪切试验及排水剪切试验的对比结果,本文建立的砂土本构模型很好地描述了Toyoura 砂在不同孔隙比和不同压力下的压缩与剪切特性.      

土的工程力学性质的颗粒流模拟

基于颗粒流理论,引入不同的颗粒接触连接本构模型,分别建立了砂土和粘性土的颗粒流模型．通过颗粒流数值模型试验,对砂土和粘性土的室内平面应变试验及其剪切带形成和发展进行了数值模拟,分别对比了不同围压下颗粒流试样与室内试验的应力应变关系曲线,基本再现了砂土和粘性土试样应力．应变关系．通过砂土和粘性土PFC试样剪切带模拟表明,当围压较小时试样内部颗粒位移量小而且分布范围较广,当围压增大时,试样内部颗粒位移量也增大,而且发生较大位移颗粒的分布范围趋于集中,同时随着围压的增大试样内部形成明显的剪切带．无论砂土还是粘性土的PFC试样,随着围压的增加剪切带的形状趋于集中,而且剪切带宽度在减小．在围压很小时,试样内形成大的破坏区域,在围压较大时出现明显的线破坏区．这些规律基本与室内试验结果相似。     

Multi-instrumental analysis of asphalts of archaeological interest

Use was made of thermal and other techniques to characterise three native asphalt samples. The purpose was to support archaeological investigations reconstructing their thermal history and composition. The first sample (from a Roman quarry in central Italy) proved to have 37% impurities, no sign of oxidation or degradation and to have never been heated to above 100°C. The second sample (from a Roman ship sunk south of France) was pure, but partially oxidised, with a saturated fraction in its structure. Analyses of the latter sample, obtained from the eye of a Thracian bronze head, revealed that the asphalt had been heated to over 100°C and then mixed with natural wax.     

沙疗对骨关节炎兔子股骨骨质影响的对比研究

目的:试验研究维医沙疗对骨关节炎动物模型骨质层转移的影响.方法:采用CT扫描的手段分别四次(建立实验对象OA模型前后各一次、进沙疗第14天和第28天各一次)采集两个实验对象股骨数据.将数据导入MIMICS软件分离实验对象股骨,根据CT值范围不同把股骨分为六个骨质层并读取各层体积.分析了各骨质层的体积在股骨总骨量中所占比例的变化和股骨平均CT值的变化.结果:分析四次CT数据的变化,发现沙疗对象股骨总骨量增长,而对照对象之下降.与此同时沙疗对象股骨平均CT值上升,相比之下对照对象平均CT值下降.结论:沙疗对关节炎对象有促进骨代谢作用,使骨质从低CT值的骨质层转移至高CT值骨质层.     

三亚鹿回头海域珊瑚、团扇藻和砂反射率光谱分析

以海南三亚湾鹿回头附近海域常见的8种优势造礁石珊瑚的反射率光谱代表该海域珊瑚的反射率光谱,用光纤光谱仪测量它们和此海域常见底质团扇藻、砂的反射率光谱。利用反射率、导数光谱法分析研究了该海域造礁石珊瑚、团扇藻和砂反射率光谱的差异。分析表明500～ 700 nm和珊瑚反射率差异相对较大;珊瑚反射率光谱明显低于砂反射率光谱,反射率谱线整体差异显著。导数分析结果显示造礁石珊瑚、团扇藻和砂的可区分波段为：石珊瑚与团扇藻的一阶导数,主要为415.1～425.6,482～487,514.5～529,577～587.6和631.9～644 nm等波段。二阶导数主要为,413～418.7,427.4～432.5,462.3～470.6,494.4～503.6,551.6～561.4,590～594和639～643 nm波段。四阶导数主要为,412.2～418.4,420.5～425.3,470.9～480.2,481.3～486.9,540.8～545.7,560～568.3和635.6～639.6 nm等波段。石珊瑚与砂的一阶导数,主要为400～413.7,514.5～529.6,576.9～587.6和602.7～667 nm波段。二阶导数主要为,420.5～430.7,446.9～458.8,467.3～472.3,537～544.3,556.8～561.4,582.8～587.2和637.6～649.4 nm。四阶导数主要为,414.4～418.7,419.5～430.3,486.9～495.8,534.2～540.1,579～583.1,622.7～627.5,640～645和665.4～672.8 nm等波段。     

防砂井挡砂介质堵塞规律实验及堵塞程度定量预测模型

防砂井挡砂介质堵塞造成降产已成为困扰油气井防砂的关键问题。已开展的大量堵塞规律研究主要涉及机理和定性描述,尚未形成可用的堵塞程度定量预测方法。针对这一问题,本文在广泛应用的砾石充填防砂条件下,利用挡砂介质堵塞评价驱替实验装置,进行了砾石层堵塞机理和规律实验,着重考察了砾石层堵塞渗透率比随驱替时间、砾砂中值比、流体流速、流体粘度、粘土含量、细质含量等生产条件的定量变化规律。根据实验数据,首先拟合砾石充填层堵塞渗透率比随时间的定量关系,引入综合堵塞系数和单项堵塞系数表征各生产条件对堵塞规律的影响,然后拟合了堵塞系数与各生产参数的经验关系,整合得到一个根据防砂参数和生产条件预测砾石充填层堵塞程度随时间变化规律的定量模型。结果表明,不同生产条件砾石层渗透率在投产早期下降较快,然后下降速度减缓并趋于基本不再变化,达到堵塞平衡状态。具体变化规律由防砂参数和生产条件控制。使用实际防砂井资料进行了模型应用案例分析,结果和规律与现场实际基本相符。该模型进一步修正后可用于防砂井动态产能预测与评价。     

基于DIC的受载砂土颗粒体系的细观参数及运动分析

本文结合DIC方法对砂土体系进行可视化的直剪试验。通过对所采集的数字图片进行预处理,得到利于计算砂土体系细观参数的优质图片,经过图像分割和区域标记,最后利用MATLAB计算得到体系孔隙率、定向率和各向异性率等细观参数。对图像进行DIC计算分析,得到砂土颗粒体系的位移等值线云图,分析了体系内的砂土颗粒在直剪试验中的运动情况,并定性描述了位移突变对体系部分力链传递过程的影响。     

基于动量原理的大坡度沥青路面动水压力计算及影响因素分析Calculation and influence factors analysis for hydrodynamic pressure of asphalt pavement with large slope based on momentum theorem

在多雨地区长大纵坡沥青路面是雨天事故多发区域。应用动量定理,建立了沥青路面动水压力的力学计算模型,并系统分析了车辆荷载、行车速度和道路纵坡对动水压力的影响。结果表明,当水膜厚度＜3 mm时,动水压力随车速及车辆荷载的增大而增大,上坡时,动水压力随着纵坡坡度的增大而增大,下坡时,动水压力随着纵坡坡度的增大而减小。当水膜厚度＞3 mm时,动水压力随车速、车辆荷载增大而增大,上坡时,动水压力随着纵坡坡度的增大而增大,下坡时,动水压力随着纵坡坡度的增大呈先缓慢增加然后又缓慢减小的变化趋势;无论是上坡还是下坡,动水压力都随着车轮半径的增大而增大。本研究成果为多雨地区长大纵坡沥青路面重载交通高速行车易发生交通事故提供了理论分析依据。     

Numerical study on the desorption processes of oil droplets inside oil-contaminated sand under cavitation micro-jets

The removal of the adsorbed oil droplet is critical to deoiling treatment of oil-bearing solid waste. Ultrasonic cavitation is regarded as an extremely useful method to assist the oil droplets desorption in the deoiling treatment. In this paper, the effects of cavitation micro-jets on the oil droplets desorption were studied. The adsorbed states of oil droplets in the oil-contaminated sand were investigated using a microscope. Three representative absorbed states of the oil droplets can be summarized as: (1) the individual oil droplet adsorbed on the particle surface (2) the clustered oil droplets adsorbed on the particle surface; (3) the oil droplet adsorbed in a gap between particles. The micro-jet generation during the bubble collapse near a rigid wall under different acoustic pressure amplitudes at an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was investigated numerically. The desorption processes of the oil droplets at the three representative absorbed states under micro-jets were also simulated subsequently. The results showed that the acoustic pressure has a great influence on the velocity of micro-jet, and the initial diameter of cavitation bubbles is significant for the cross-sectional area of micro-jets. The wall jet caused by a micro-jet impacting on the solid wall is the most important factor for the removal of the absorbed oil droplets. The oil droplet is broken by the jet impinging, and then it breaks away from the solid wall due to the shear force generated by the wall jet. In addition to a higher sound pressure, the cavitation bubble at a larger initial diameter is more important for the desorption of the clustered oil droplets. Conversely, the micro-jet generated by the cavitation bubble at a smaller initial diameter (0.1 mm) is more appropriate for the desorption of the oil droplet in a narrow or sharp-angled gap.     

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN WEDGE-SHAPED GRANULAR HEAPS

The present work explains the statics of self-weight transmission restricted to a long prismatic heap inclined at an angle of repose and symmetrically formed on a rigid base. The closure of polarized principal axes with the mobilized state of stress along the slope surface is employed by imposing the orientation of principal stresses on the equilibrium equations. Comparisons were made with calculations based on the finite element method using an elastic model. Moreover, experiments on sand heaps deposited on a rectangular rigid base were conducted to validate the theoretical study. The measured pressure profile generally agreed well with theoretical results.