基于临界状态的砂土本构模型研究

砂土孔隙比及所受压力是其力学特性的重要影响因素.本文基于砂土临界状态线特性分析,采用以e-(p/p_a)~ξ平面内的线性关系描述其等向压缩线.通过对比分析两种不同压缩线函数与临界状态线函数之间的关系提出更适合描述砂土在等向压缩下的参考压缩线,并给出了基于参考压缩线的等向硬化规律.建议了适用于描述砂土剪切特性的屈服面函数,并给出利用等向压缩和等p路径确定屈服面形状参数μ的方法.将不同应力比对应的压缩线作为砂土状态参量参考线,以获取潜在强度M_f与特征状态应力比M_c,进而描述砂土压缩与剪切特性;基于等向压缩与等p路径建立了当前应力比与状态参量参考线之间的相关关系,从而实现了砂土状态参量参考线由参考压缩线向临界状态线平稳过渡.建立的砂土本构模型共11个参数,均能够通过常规土工试验或经验获取.基于模型预测与Toyoura砂的等向压缩、三轴不排水剪切试验及排水剪切试验的对比结果,本文建立的砂土本构模型很好地描述了Toyoura砂在不同孔隙比和不同压力下的压缩与剪切特性.     

复杂加载条件下的砂土本构模型

试验表明,饱和砂土的应力应变关系具有显著的密度以及压力依存性,上述两点构成了描述砂土静力加载下变形特性无法忽视的因素.此外,在循环加载等复杂加载作用下,砂土还会表现出明显的应力诱导各向异性以及相变转换特性.基于在e-p空间中存在唯一的临界状态线这一基本假定,通过在e-p空间中引入当前状态点与临界状态线的距离R来作为反映密度与压力依存特性的状态参量,将变相应力比以及峰值应力比表达为状态参量的指数函数,将上述应力比参量引入到统一硬化参量中可准确地反映初始状态下围压、密度对于单调加载下应力应变关系的影响规律,能描述砂土剪缩、剪胀,应变软化、硬化等特性.采用非相关联流动法则,p-q空间中采用水滴型屈服面,塑性势面为椭圆面,松砂在单调加载下的静态液化现象也可描述.为反映循环加载下塑性体积应变的累积特性以及塑形偏应变的滞回特性,在循环加载下将状态参量R表达为应力比参量,并在硬化参数中引入描述应力诱导各向异性特性的旋转硬化部分,所提模型可有效地描述循环加载下剪切模量的衰减特性、刚度衰化性质、强度减小特性,在不排水约束作用下,则会产生往返活动性现象.通过一系列的模型模拟与试验结果对比,验证了本构模型的有效性及适用性.     

剪胀性砂土边界面模型的研究

剪胀性对于砂土,尤其是中密以及密实砂土,是一个非常显著的特性。相变线是剪胀性砂土的特征曲线,能够反映砂土的围压以及初时孔隙比对变形特性的影响。本文在边界面塑性理论的框架内,把相变状态参量引入到剪胀方程以及塑性硬化模量中,建立了一个能够描述砂土剪胀性以及循环特性的本构模型。本模型采用一套参量可以模拟不同初时孔隙比、不同围压、排水(或不排水)条件下单调(或循环)加载的应力-应变特性。验证表明本模型数值计算与试验结果相吻合。     

K0超固结结构性黏土的本构模型

K₀固结黏土在自然界广泛分布, 其通常同时具有超固结性与天然结构性, 而K₀超固结性又与K₀正常固结性质存在很大差异. 为了有效的描述K₀超固结性质, 在结构性模型基础上, 做了如下三点改进, 使得原模型拓展为同时考虑K₀超固结特性与天然结构性影响的本构模型. (1)引入相对应力比来描述屈服面, 并引入初始各向异性转轴参量ξ来表达初始各向异性对屈服面在p-q空间的位置影响. (2)基于给定的屈服面方程, 推导得到变相应力比参量, 并将变相应力比引入到统一硬化参数中, 利用统一硬化参数可以有效描述初始各向异性固结黏土在剪切加载下的剪缩与剪胀, 应变硬化及软化现象. (3)引入反映结构性胶结强度性质的胶结参量p_e, 并给出p_e随塑性偏应变的衰减演化方程, 利用胶结参量可描述结构性黏土的剪胀特性. 预测与试验结果对比表明, 所提的K₀超固结结构性模型可有效描述K₀超固结黏土的刚度提高效应, 黏土的包辛格效应, 结构性黏土胶结强度的损失现象以及结构性黏土的应变软化现象. 证明了所提模型的适用性以及合理性.      

相变孔隙比与有效平均应力关系式的研究

在不排水情况下,应用传统的孔隙比与有效平均应力的关系,即e-lgp表达式,计算饱和密砂、中密砂的相变状态参量的相变孔隙比ept时,存在参数不易确定、得到的相变状态参数不合理的不足。为了改善这一劣势,本文在详细地叙述e-lgp′表达式应用的基础上,结合饱和砂土的特性,提出了初始孔隙比和相变有效平均应力的关系,即ept-lgp关系式。此关系式的物理意义明确,参数简单,方便计算相变孔隙比ept。通过排水和不排水三轴压缩试验分别对此关系式进行了验证,并与已有的相变状态参量曲线进行对比,结果表明本文提出的ept-lgp关系式是有效、合理的。     

复杂加载条件下的砂土本构模型

试验表明,饱和砂土的应力应变关系具有显著的密度以及压力依存性,上述两点构成了描述砂土静力加载下变形特性无法忽视的因素. 此外,在循环加载等复杂加载作用下,砂土还会表现出明显的应力诱导各向异性以及相变转换特性. 基于在e--p空间中存在唯一的临界状态线这一基本假定,通过在e--p空间中引入当前状态点与临界状态线的距离R来作为反映密度与压力依存特性的状态参量, 将变相应力比以及峰值应力比表达为状态参量的指数函数,将上述应力比参量引入到统一硬化参量中可准确地反映初始状态下围压、密度 对于单调加载下应力应变关系的影响规律,能描述砂土剪缩、剪胀,应变软化、硬化等特性. 采用非相关联流动法则,p--q空间中采用水滴型屈服面,塑性势面为椭圆面,松砂在单调加载下的静态液化现象也可描述. 为反映循环加载下塑性体积应变的累积特性以及塑形偏应变的滞回特性,在循环加载下将状态参量R表达为应力比参量,并在硬化参数中引入描述应力诱导各向异性特性的旋转硬化部分,所提模型可有效地描述循环加载下剪切模量的衰减特性、刚度衰化性质、强度减小特性,在不排水约束作用下,则会产生往返活动性现象. 通过一系列的模型模拟与试验结果对比,验证了本构模型的有效性及适用性.      

基于动态参考线的结构性土等向压缩模型

基于结构性土等向压缩线与应变软化型曲线在斜率变化上的相似性,借用以动态参考描述应变软化型曲线的建模方法,建立结构性土等向压缩模型.该模型将e～lnp坐标中的正常固结线扩展为一条随加载而不断下移的动态参考线,令结构性土等向压缩线追寻动态参考线而发展,实现对结构性土等向压缩的描述.试验数据与模型预测对比表明该模型可以连续、光滑地反映结构性土的等向压缩变形特性.     

制样含水量对软黏土力学特性影响的试验研究

为分析制样含水量对重塑软黏土的力学特性影响,用单向固结仪和三轴仪分别对不同泥浆含水量固结而成的重塑样开展了单向压缩试验和固结不排水剪切三轴试验。试验结果表明,重塑样的初始孔隙比随制样含水量的增大而增大,从而引起压缩曲线的上移以及压缩指数的增大,土体的抗剪强度减小,孔隙水压力增大;但初始含水量对土体的有效应力比和临界状态影响不大;制样含水量对重塑样力学特性的影响的界限含水量约为2.0倍液限含水量。最后,用孔隙指数对试验结果归一化,得到不同初始孔隙比重塑样的压缩曲线和剪切强度可基本归一化为土的固有压缩曲线和固有强度曲线。     

砂土初始孔隙比空间变异性对其力学特性及破坏模式的影响分析

现有研究大多采用简单的摩尔库伦模型针对土的空间变异性对边坡或基础的安全系数或失效概率做计算分析.事实上临界状态本构模型,如SIMSAND,能更准确地反映土的应力-应变关系.为此,本文采用SIM-SAND模型,针对砂土初始孔隙比的空间变异性对其力学特性及破坏模式的影响做详细分析,算例采用简单的室内平面应变双轴试验,分为松砂排水、密砂排水、松砂不排水和密砂不排水四种情况.每一种情况均采用蒙特卡罗方法进行初始孔隙比的随机分布生成,并做大量计算,以此来分析初始孔隙比的不均匀性对剪切带生成和破坏模式和竖向承载力发展及其概率密度分布的影响.     

砂土的应力路径本构模型

将微元应力路径线性逼近，转变成与其充分接近且易于计算应变的等平均应力微元和等应力比微元，计算任意加荷应力路径所产生的塑性应变，建立了双屈服面的砂土应力路径本构模型．模型体现了岩土塑性理论分量屈服和非关联流动法则的要求，在p，q平面内根据双线性的屈服线确定了加卸载准则．结合广义非线性强度理论采用变换应力三维化方法简单、合理地使模型实现三维化．通过试验数据的验证表明，砂土应力路径本构模型可以合理地描述各种应力路径下砂土的变形和强度特性。     

Unified sand modeling using associated or non-associated flow rule

A constitutive model for unified modeling of sand behavior was formulated in this study. The model is based on generalized plasticity and critical state mechanics. It incorporates a unique flow rule and a unique hardening modulus. The flow rule is a function of the void ratio and its deviation from an associated flow rule reduces with an increase in sand density. The hardening modulus allows the model to simulate a wide range of sand behavior even with an associated flow rule. With 13 material constants, most of which have definite physical meanings and are straightforward to calibrate using conventional element tests, the model can simulate the drained and undrained responses of sand over a large range of initial void ratios and confining pressures. In addition, the model can be readily degenerated to follow an associated flow rule. The associated-flow-model, which requires 11 material constants, can also reproduce the responses of medium-loose to dense sands when the confining pressure is modest. Although the associated-flow model is not capable of describing the bifurcation of sand responses before the failure surface is reached, it may have advantage in the numerical simulation of well-compacted earth structures like earthdams, embankments and retaining walls.     

Exploring the relationship between critical state and particle shape for granular materials

The relationship between critical state and particle shape corresponds to the most fundamental aspect of the mechanics of granular materials. This paper presents an investigation into this relationship through macro-scale and micro-scale laboratory experiments in conjunction with interpretation and analysis in the framework of critical state soil mechanics. Spherical glass beads and crushed angular glass beads of different percentages were mixed with a uniform quartz sand (Fujian sand) to create a sequence of mixtures with varying particle shape. On the micro-scale, particle shape was accurately measured using a laser scanning technique, and was characterized by aspect ratio, sphericity and convexity; a new shape index, taken as the average of the three shape measures and referred to as overall regularity, was proposed to provide a collective characterization of particle shape. On the macro-scale, both undrained and drained triaxial tests were carried out to provide evidence that varying particle shape can alter the overall response as well as the critical states in both stress space and volumetric compression space. The mixtures of Fujian sand and spherical glass beads were found to be markedly more susceptible to liquefaction than the mixtures of Fujian sand and crushed angular glass beads. The change in liquefaction susceptibility was shown to be consistent with the change in the position of the critical state locus (CSL) in the compression space, manifested by a decrease in the intercept and gradient of the CSL due to the presence of spherical glass beads. Quantitative relationships have been established between each of the critical state parameters and each of the shape parameters, thereby providing a way to construct macro-scale constitutive models with intrinsic micro-scale properties built in.     

Experiments and Material Parameter Identification Using Finite Elements. Uniaxial Tests and Validation Using Instrumented Indentation Tests

In this article, we focus our attention on the relation between instrumented indentation tests and the prediction by means of finite element calculations. To this end, a finite strain viscoplasticity model of Perzyna-type with non-linear isotropic and kinematic hardening is calibrated at experimental data of steel S690QL. A particular concept for conducting uniaxial tensile and compression tests is taken up in order to represent the basic rate-dependent material behavior. In this respect, an algorithmic framework of material parameter identification using finite elements is proposed leading to a two-stage procedure in the case of the underlying rate-dependent constitutive model. On the basis of the termination points of relaxation the rate-independent equilibrium stress state can be identified and all viscous parts of the model are obtained using rate-dependent loading paths. Finally, use is made of finite elements for predicting indentation experiments, which results in a critical view on modeling and parameter identification on the basis of experimental results occurring in instrumented indentation tests.     

Cylindrical void in a rigid-ideally plastic single crystal III: Hexagonal close-packed crystal

The analytical solution is derived for the plane strain stress field around a cylindrical void in a hexagonal close-packed single crystal with three in-plane slip systems oriented at the angle π/3 with respect to one another. The critical resolved shear stress on each slip system is assumed to be equal. The crystal is loaded by both internal pressure and a far-field equibiaxial compressive stress. The deformation field takes the form of angular sectors, called slip sectors, within which only one slip system is active; the boundaries between different sectors are radial lines. The stress fields are derived by enforcing equilibrium and a rigid, ideally plastic constitutive relationship, in the spirit of anisotropic slip line theory. The results show that each slip sector is divided into smaller regions denoted as stress sectors and the stress state valid within each stress sector is derived. It is shown that stresses are unique and are continuous within stress sectors and across stress sector boundaries, but the gradient of stresses is not continuous across the boundaries between stress sectors. The solution shows self-similarity in that the stresses over the entire domain can be determined from the stresses within a small region adjacent to the void by invoking certain scaling and symmetry properties. In addition, the stress state exhibits periodicity along logarithmic spirals which emanate from the void. The results predict that the mean value of in-plane pressure required to activate plastic deformation around a void in a single crystal can be higher than that necessary for a void in an isotropic material and is sensitive to the orientation of the slip systems relative to the void.     

A simple anisotropic clay plasticity model

An anisotropic clay plasticity constitutive model is extended to include a non-associative flow rule for the successful simulation of the response under undrained loading for some normally consolidated sensitive clays, including possible softening response, without altering otherwise the simple basic structure of the formulation. The model has been developed within the framework of critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) for the triaxial space. The model's structure deviates, in general, from the particular premises of CSSM in regards to a unique critical state line in the space of void ratio and effective pressure, in order to simulate observed experimental data.