The analysis of groundwater flows in unconfined aquifers with nonuniform hydraulic conductivity

Horizontal groundwater flows in unconfined aquifers with horizontal lower boundaries can be found exactly by the seepage analysis that allows the hydraulic conductivity to vary in the vertical direction. The exact analysis of flows when the lower boundary of the aquifer is not a horizontal plane, requires the soil-water pressure on this boundary to be known, and this is not generally the case except in the situation of a freshwater aquifer overlying saline water fed from the sea. For aquifers with spatial variations of hydraulic conductivity in both the vertical and horizontal directions, the seepage analysis can be modified to give groundwater flows in situations where the hydraulic conductivity can be represented by the product of independent functions of the three spatial coordinates. Different forms of three-dimensional variation are generated from suitably chosen functions. The use of such forms in calculations of equivalent uniform hydraulic conductivities of some groundwater flow regions demonstrates the dependence of equivalent hydraulic conductivity values on the flow boundary conditions. The exact groundwater flows calculated for particular groundwater situations by the seepage analysis provide results that are useful in validating numerical methods for solving groundwater problems in heterogeneous soils.     

等参元逆变换算法在渗流—位移耦合场分析中的应用

在渗流 -位移耦合场分析中应用等参元逆变换算法解决了两个场之间的数据传递问题 ,所提出的逆变换算法是基于解析性质的新算法 ,具有简便、高效和高精度的特点 ,便于在实际工程中应用。     

非饱和膨胀土的土-水特征曲线研究

在干旱和半干旱地区 ,土体中含水量的变化常会引发各种工程问题。研究表明 ,非饱和土的工程性质不仅取决于土的组成、结构和应力状态 ,还与土中的吸力密切相关。非饱和土的土 -水特征曲线表达了土体中含水量与吸力的关系 ,是非饱和土研究的重要内容之一。     

隧道施工中环境土层工程性质研究

利用非饱和土的三轴仪 ,测定不同吸力状态下的土的强度特性 ,并确立了两者之间的定量关系 ,同时进行了含水量对非饱和土的强度影响试验 ,研究了北京地区的非饱和土的强度特性。试验结果表明 :不同的吸力状态下 ,土的强度明显提高 ;含水量的改变对内聚力有明显影响 ,而对内摩擦角无明显影响 ,并测定本土样对强度改变的含水量拐点值.     

Poromechanics of freezing materials

When subjected to a uniform cooling below the freezing point a water-infiltrated porous material undergoes a cryo-deformation resulting from various combined actions: (i) the difference of density between the liquid water and the ice crystal, which results in the initial build-up of an in-pore pressure at the onset of crystallization; (ii) the interfacial effects arising between the different constituents, which eventually govern the crystallization process in connection with the pore access radius distribution; (iii) the drainage of the liquid water expelled from the freezing sites towards the air voids; (iv) the cryo-suction process, which drives liquid water towards the already frozen pores as the temperature further decreases; (v) the thermomechanical coupling between the solid matrix, the liquid water and the ice crystal. We work out a comprehensive theory able to encompass this whole set of actions. A macroscopic approach first provides the constitutive equations of freezing poroelastic materials, including the interfacial energy effects. This approach reveals the existence of a thermodynamic state function—namely the liquid saturation degree as a function of the temperature only. The macroscopic ice-dependent poroelastic properties are then upscaled from the knowledge of the elastic properties of the solid matrix, of the pore access radius distribution, and of the capillary curve. The theory is finally illustrated by analysing quantitatively the effects of the cooling rate and of the pore radius distribution upon the cryo-deformation of water-infiltrated porous materials. The theory succeeds in accounting for the experimentally observed shrinkage of embedded air voids, while predicting the partial melting of the ice already formed when the cooling suddenly stops.     

工程水文地质学及其在水电工程中的应用概述

工程水文地质问题产生于人类工程活动与地质环境中岩土体和地下水之间的相互制约和相互作用过程中,由于问题本身的复杂性,目前对这类问题的研究尚处于相对分散的单一研究状态,缺乏系统的从地质机制分析到地质模型抽象,进而由模拟再现到发展趋势预测以及治理措施论证的全过程研究。本文在系统分析、总结水电工程中水 -岩和水 -工程建筑的作用类型及特征基础上,认为可能出现的工程水文地质问题主要是;水库诱发地震、岩溶渗漏、库岸及高边坡的稳定、坝基、坝肩抗滑稳定、枢纽区深层承压水问题等。     

非饱和土土力学工程应用方法

通过引入文[1]提出的广义朗肯土压力计算公式,本文针对非饱和土主动(被动)土压力计算问题提出了工程应用方法,能够把非饱和土土压力理论应用于实际工程。该方法可以推广到非饱和土地基承载力、边坡稳定等其他领域,从而为非饱和土土力学理论应用于工程实践提供了一个新的思路。     

A CONSOLIDATION MODEL OF GROUP WELLS ON COMPOSITE FOUNDATION1)

针对复合地基固结问题,考虑井阻和土体径竖向渗流的影响,建立 以"桩-土-桩"为单元的复合地基群井计算模型,采用解析解法,推导出瞬时载荷作用下复合地基群井固结解析解,讨论了复合地基固结特点和孔压等的变化规律。研究表明,复合地基群井固结模型为复合地基固结理论的研究提供了一种新思路,在井径比大于5 时,基于中心桩、边桩流量相等假设,复合地基群井固结理论所求固结度和传统固结理论所求固结度相差很小,可忽略不计;桩体渗透系数、内外扰动区土体径向渗透系数、土体竖向渗透系数越大,复合地基固结速率越快;堆载越大,最终达到稳定时的沉降量和竖向应变越大;地基表层土体的孔压消散速率和竖向应变速率大于地基深部土体。     

水蚀性岩层中的渗流和无机污染物的迁移

介绍水蚀性岩层中的渗流及金属和无机污染物迁移问题．通过对含有污染物的某些蓄水系统中的物理和化学过程的分析得出一些结论，并对这些过程不仅作了详细的说明，而且采用恰当的数学和化学方程加以讨论．在水蚀性岩层中无机污染物的迁移用高渗透率多孔介质中流动的基本方程近似地描述，而对流、水动力学扩散、稀释等影响可作为物理过程来阐述．总的说来，控制裂隙岩体中地下水流动与污染物输运的物理和化学机理是建立水蚀性岩层中无机污染物输运近似方法的基础．     

Recent advances in the electrochemical hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons

Electrochemical hydrogenation of unsaturated organic compounds is emerging as a very promising alternative to the conventional transition-metal-catalyzed transformation as it avoids the preparation, transportation, and storage of pressured molecule hydrogen (H₂). Besides the direct usage of the on-site-generated H₂ on the cathode surface, the electrochemical means also provide opportunities for novel hydrogenation reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons, especially electrochemical Birch reduction. Another attractive aspect of such an approach is the possibility of highly selective deuteration of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the readily available, cost-effective deuterium source, D₂O.