低本底伽马能谱测量在沉积岩分类判别中的应用及其影响因素探讨

沉积岩中放射性元素铀、钍、钾的含量主要取决于岩石中泥质的含量,而泥质含量的高低是判别沉积岩类别的主要依据,因此,可以将铀、钍、钾的比活度或含量值作为判别沉积岩岩类的量化指标。利用低本底伽马能谱法测量岩石样品中铀、钍、钾的比活度或含量,可以快速、准确地进行岩类判别。由于放射性测量受样品几何形状、样品质量及其所含水分含量变化的影响,因此岩类判别的准确性会受到影响。通过理论探讨和实验验证,发现各待测核素特征峰计数率值与样品质量成线性关系, 且不同的能量区域、不同的岩性,线性关系系数与趋势拟合程度都是不同的;当样品的水分含量不超过10%(取样时,岩屑水分不超过10%)时,对测量结果的影响很小(变化值均在一倍均方差以内),因此,水分含量对低本底伽马能谱法判别沉积岩岩类的准确性不产生显著的影响,一般可以不予考虑。对陕西定边某油气勘查区钻孔岩屑样品进行判别试验,对实测数据进行质量校正后,利用铀、钍、钾道的“归一化”计数率值(即单位质量的计数率)只能粗略地划分不同沉积岩的大类,再以铀、钍、钾特征峰的合峰计数率建立综合判别模式,能够对岩类进行进一步细分,且判别准确度达到75%以上。     

Using stable isotopes and major ions to identify hydrological processes and geochemical characteristics in a typical karstic basin,Guizhou, southwest China

The investigation of hydrological processes is very important for water resource development in karst basins. In order to understand these processes associated with complex hydrogeochemical evolution, a typical basin was chosen in Houzai, southwest China. The basin was hydrogeologically classified into three zones based on hydrogen and oxygen isotopes as well as the field surveys. Isotopic values were found to be enriched in zone 2 where paddy fields were prevailing with well-developed underground flow systems, and heavier than those in zone 1. Zone 3 was considered as the mixture of zones 1 and 2 with isotopic values falling in the range between the two zones. A conceptual hydrological model was thus proposed to reveal the probable hydrological cycle in the basin. In addition, major processes of long-term chemical weathering in the karstic basin were discussed, and reactions between water and carbonate rocks proved to be the main geochemical processes in karst aquifers.     

论地震发生机制

地震发生的物理机理和过程是还没有认识清楚的问题. 此前人们将浅源地震归因于弹性回跳,根据这一观点和岩石实验结果计算得到的地震能量与实际观测结果有很大矛盾,被称之为“热流佯谬”. 中源和深源地震发生在地幔区域,其成因也没有合理的解释. 考虑到地壳和地幔是离散集合态物质体系及其慢动力学运动行为的基本特点,本文根据物理学原理,特别是近年凝聚态物理发展出来的相关新观念,并依据已有观测事实,从新的视角探究地震发生的物理机制. 1) 关于地壳岩石层中的应力分布:在不考虑构造力时,依据万物皆流的流变学原理,原始地壳岩石在自重压强长时间作用下,纵向和横向应力相同,没有差应力. 大地构造力推动岩块滞滑移动挤压断层泥,施加于其他岩块,逐渐传递和积累. 这种附加的横向构造力与原始岩石中应力叠加,形成地壳岩石层中的实时应力. 由于断层泥属于颗粒物质体系,具有与岩石不同的力学特征,其弹性模量比岩石小得多,且随压强而增大,导致构造作用力随深度非线性增大. 给出了地壳中构造应力分布及其变化规律. 2) 关于地壳岩石层强度:地壳岩石的自重会使岩石发生弹性–塑性转变. 通过对弹性–塑性转变深度的计算,并根据实际情况分析,给出了地壳岩石弹性、部分塑性和完全塑性三个区域的典型深度范围. 在部分塑性区,塑性体比例达到约10%以上时,发生塑性连通,这时岩石剪切强度由塑性特征决定. 塑性滑移的等效摩擦系数比脆性破裂小一个数量级以上,致使塑性滑移时岩石剪切强度比脆性破裂小得多. 同时,随深度增大,有多种因素使得岩石剪切屈服强度减小. 另一方面,地震是大范围岩石破坏,破坏必然沿薄弱路径发生. 因此,浅源地震岩石的实际破坏强度必定比通常观测到的岩石剪切强度值低. 给出了地壳岩石平均强度和实际破坏强度典型值随深度的分布规律. 3) 关于地震发生的条件和机制:地震发生必定产生体积膨胀,只有突破阻挡才可膨胀. 地震发生的条件是:大地构造力超过岩石破坏强度、断层边界摩擦力以及所受阻挡力之和. 因此,浅源地震是岩石突破阻挡发生的塑性滑移. 在此基础上提出了浅源地震发生的四种可能模式. 深源地震是冲破阻挡发生的大范围岩块流. 浅源地震和深源地震都是堵塞–解堵塞转变,是解堵塞后岩石层块滑移或流动造成的能量释放. 4) 关于地震能量和临震前兆信息:地震能量即为堵塞–解堵塞转变过程释放的动能. 以实例估算表明,地震岩石滑移动能与使岩块剪切破坏和克服周围摩擦阻力所需做的功相一致,不会出现热流佯谬. 同时指出,通过观测地震发生前构造力的积累过程、局域地区地质变迁以及岩石状态变化等所产生的效应,均可能获得有价值的地震前兆信息. 关键词： 地震发生机制 热流佯谬 地壳岩石应力和强度 堵塞–解堵塞转变     

Chemical analyses of martian soil and rocks obtained by the Pathfinder Alpha Proton X-ray spectrometer

The US Mars Pathfinder spacecraft, which landed on the red planet on the 4th of July 1997, carried an Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) that obtained the chemical composition of martian soil and rocks. The principles of the APXS operation are based on three interactions of alpha particles with matter: Rutherford alpha backscattering; (, p) nuclear reactions; and X-ray generation by charged particles and X-ray excitation. The APXS, as was implemented on the Pathfinder mission, uses for all three modes of operation a monoenergetic beam of alpha particles from about 40 mCi of ²⁴⁴Cm radioisotope. It employs Si charged particle detectors for alpha and proton modes and a specially designed silicon PIN detector for its X-ray mode that does not require cooling for its operation. The APXS can detect all of the elements (except H and He) present above a few tenths of a percent for all major elements and several hundred ppm for many minor and trace elements.

The APXS on Pathfinder was transported to various locations on the martian surface by the Sojourner rover which enabled it to analyze multiple soil and rock samples selected by the science team from the lander camera images. The APXS performed excellently under the adverse martian environment conditions and provided important information about the chemical composition of the martian soil and rocks. All of the analyzed rocks at the Pathfinder site were found to have high concentrations of silica, sulfur and iron, and low in magnesium, similar to those of the terrestrial basaltic andesites and definitely different from the SNC meteorites that are believed to have originated from Mars. All of the soil samples analyzed by the APXS have similar composition and are very close to the soil analyses obtained by the two Viking missions. The information derived from the Pathfinder APXS has significant implications about the origin and evolution of planet Mars.     

原子光谱和X射线衍射研究禄丰恐龙化石与围岩特征

迄今为止,禄丰老长箐是世界挖掘恐龙化石较多、涵盖时间最长(含有早、中两个侏罗纪的化石)的地区。老长箐恐龙化石的发掘,为古生物研究提供了得天独厚的实验基地。文章首次对该地区3个不同层位的恐龙化石及其围岩的成分和结构做了初步分析。首先采用原子发射光谱分析,发现化石及土样中的含钙量均较高(＞5%);但硅元素的含量则差别较大,在化石中的含硅量较低(3%～8%),围岩中的含硅量较高(＞10%);化石中的含磷量也较高。X射线能谱的进一步分析发现,化石中的主要化学成分是CaCO₃(66%), 其次是SiO₂(17%);围岩中的主要成分是SiO₂(＞80%),其次是CaCO₃(12%)。此外还发现,化石和围岩的最大区别是,化石中含有氟磷酸钙,而围岩中没有该成分。这一点可以作为鉴别伪化石的一个重要特征。文章为化石的鉴别、为人类研究禄丰老长箐恐龙的生态和演化提供了一定的实验依据。     

Predicting the Onset of Inertial Effects in Sandstone Rocks

This study presents a method to determine the onset of inertial effects at the microscopic level, to distinguish between Darcy and non-Darcy flow regions within porous media at the pore level, and to quantify the effects of retained polymer on gas mobility. Capillary pressure and polymer flood experiments were conducted using Elgin and Okesa sandstone samples. The pore-size distributions were used to study the high-velocity flow effects. A modified capillary-orifice model was used to determine the non-Darcy flow effects at the pore level, with and without residual polymer.The overall flow behavior at any flow rate may be described as the average of all contributions from the Darcy and the non-Darcy terms in all pores. Results of this study suggest that the conventional Reynolds number may lead to incorrect analysis of flow behavior when evaluating non-Darcy flow effects in porous media. The Forchheimer number, defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces, is found more adequate for analyzing microscopic flow behavior in porous media.     

液电脉冲激波特性分析

基于相应的数学模型来表征液电脉冲激波的产生和传播过程,搭建了液电式碎岩综合试验平台,分析了典型的激波特性的仿真和实测结果。给出了不同充电电压下液电脉冲激波特性的仿真结果,并分析了充电电压对激波特性的影响。结果表明:充电电压为11 kV时,激波的压力峰值为2.67 MPa,激波能量为27.30 J,波前时间为2.16μs,激波加载速率为1.24 MPa/μs,电能转化为激波能量的效率为13.35%;提高电容充电电压,激波压力峰值和激波能量增大,波前时间减少,激波加载速率增加,但电能转化为激波能量的效率降低。利用建模分析的方法,可以根据放电回路参数预测液电脉冲激波特性,从而为进一步研究激波破碎岩石的形态和效果提供理论依据。     

有机显微组分的二次离子质谱研究

采用二次离子质谱技术（ＳＩＭＳ）对煤及源岩中不同成熟度的镜质体、丝质体、沥青和笔石进行了详细研究。结果表明不同显微组分具有不同的ＳＩＭＳ谱图，反映出其化学组成和结构的差异性，且ＣＨ２＾＋／ＣＨ３＾＋参数变化趋势可以用来评价有机组分的热演化规律。同时说明ＳＩＭＳ技术是有机显微组分化学成分和结构研究的有效手段。     

辽西北票四合屯地区义县组高镁火山岩的稀土、微量元素特征及启示

辽西北票四合屯地区的义县组火山岩主要由高镁火山岩组成，其在稀土、微量元素特征方面有明显的特殊性。首先，具有高Mg^#，高相容元素含量的特点，反映了火山岩有明显的幔源岩浆的特征。同时该火山岩也具有明显的壳源物质的特征：稀土元素总量较高、稀土元素的分馏程度较高，高La／Nb，Ba／Nb比值；在蛛网图中击现为明显的Nb，Ta负异常和Pb正异常；在Sr-Nd-Ph同位素方而，（^87Sr／^86sr），的值较高，εNd（t）值区范围较大，显示出富集地幔的组分特征；结合该火山岩Sr，Ba，Y，Yb的古量，Sr／Y比值的分析，该高镁火山岩具有日本Setouchi岛弧的Sanukite火山岩的特征；说明了Sanukite不仅分布在板块边缘俯冲带附近的岛弧区，在板块内部也可同样存在。分析表明：该地区高镁火山岩是幔源岩浆和地壳物质共同作用的结果。说明辽西地区在早白垩世具有特殊的构造地球化学背景，在中国东部地区中生代火山岩的形成中具有特殊性，是进一步研究中国东部岩浆作用的特点，探讨壳-幔演化（物质交换）具体进程的理想研究地区。