投影方向极值原理的滑裂面应力矢量极限平衡抗滑稳定计算理论

根据有限元成果的滑动面切向应力达到可用极限值的抗滑稳定极限平衡概念,建立投影方向极值原理单元滑面应力矢量极限平衡抗滑稳定计算理论模型,揭示不平衡虚拟耗散力、耗散能和极值条件方程的力学本质联系。根据投影极值方向平衡状态时的垂直方向还存在不平衡耗散力,提出复杂滑裂面极限平衡状态接近程度系数λ及矢量安全度系数K_λ评价抗滑稳定性能的最佳路径。通过边坡考题和坝基深层抗滑稳定算例的势能极值规律存在性和极值点的吻合度,证明了理论模型的合理可靠性。有限元应力矢量理论模型的建立及其安全度系数K_λ是极限平衡抗滑稳定计算理论发展的重要基础理论突破和全新理论研究成果。     

土质边坡失稳的突变性分析

对土质边坡圆弧滑动稳定性问题，采用应力软化模型，由系统能量导出极限平衡方程，运用突变理论方法对土坡失稳进行了分析。分析表明，边坡参数变化为某一临界值时，土坡的滑动位移突然增大，发生突变失稳现象，由刚体极限平衡稳定理论无法体现应力软化土质边坡的这种失稳的突变性。     

Recent Progress of Transition Metal Compounds as Electrocatalysts for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting

Hydrogen has enormous commercial potential as a secondary energy source because of its high calorific value, clean combustion byproducts, and multiple production methods. Electrocatalytic water splitting is a viable alternative to the conventional methane steam reforming technique, as it operates under mild conditions, produces high-quality hydrogen, and has a sustainable production process that requires less energy. Electrocatalysts composed of precious metals like Pt, Au, Ru, and Ag are commonly used in the investigation of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Nevertheless, their limited availability and expensive cost restrict practical use. In contrast, electrocatalysts that do not contain precious metals are readily available, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and possess electrocatalytic performance equal to that of noble metals. However, considerable research effort must be devoted to create cost-effective and high-performing catalysts. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the reaction mechanism involved in electrocatalytic water splitting in both acidic and basic environments. Additionally, recent breakthroughs in catalysts for both the hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions are also discussed. The structure-activity relationship of the catalyst was deep-going discussed, together with the prospects of current obstacles and potential for electrocatalytic water splitting, aiming at provide valuable perspectives for the advancement of economical and efficient electrocatalysts on an industrial scale.