Effects of tillage systems on compaction and crop yield of Albic Luvisol in Croatia

This four-year experiment was conducted in north-west Slavonia (agricultural area of Croatia) to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems on compaction of silty loam soil (Albic Luvisol). The compared tillage systems were: (1) conventional tillage (CT), (2) conservation tillage (CM), (3) no-tillage system (NT), and the crop rotation was corn (Zea mays L.) – winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – corn – winter wheat. For detecting the soil compaction, bulk density and penetration resistance were measured during the growing seasons. In all seasons and tillage systems, the bulk density and penetration resistance increased with depth and the greatest increase from surface to the deepest layer in average was observed at CT system. The bulk density and penetration resistance increased at all tillage systems during the experiment, but the greatest increase was also observed at CT system. The greatest bulk density (1.66 Mg m⁻³) and the greatest increase of 6.4% were observed at CT system in the layer 30–35 cm. In the first season, the bulk density was the greatest at NT system, but during the experiment the lowest average increase of 1.9% was observed at this system. The greatest penetration resistance of all measurements (5.9 MPa) was observed in the last season at CT system in depth of 40 cm. The lowest average increase of penetration resistance 11.4% was also observed at NT system. The highest yield of corn in the first season was achieved with CT system while in other seasons the highest yield of winter wheat and corn was achieved with CM system.     

Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of durum wheat contamination or adulteration

In this work, an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization (UPLC‐ESI)‐MS/MS methodology based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for the selective and sensitive detection and quantification of durum wheat adulteration has been developed and fully validated. The targeted analysis was performed by monitoring specific transitions at m/z 543.7 > 657.4 and m/z 543.7 > 299.2 of a species‐specific marker derived from a tryptic peptide of puroindoline a (Pin‐a), a cysteine‐rich protein selectively present only in common wheat. In addition, two transitions at m/z 500.4 > 725.4 and m/z 500.4 > 561.9 of a reference peptide belonging to purothionin A‐1, present in both species, were also monitored. The calibration curves obtained on binary mixtures with known percentages of common/durum wheat flours showed linearity (coefficient of regression, r ≥ 0.99) over concentrations that ranged between 80 and 1%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the Pin‐a marker in wheat flours were 0.01 and 0.03%, respectively. The identified Pin‐a marker was also found to be highly diagnostic for the quantification of common wheat in raw materials (kernels) and processed products (pasta), thus offering new opportunities to assess food authenticity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between wheat soil and atmosphere

The exchange of COS between wheat soil and atmosphere was investigated by using a dynamic enclosure. The investigated soil type acted as a significant sink for the trace gas COS. Atmospheric COS mixing ratios and temperature were found to be the physicochemical parameters controlling the uptake. The uptake reached maximum about 0.6×10~(-12) mol ?g~(-1) ?h~(-1) at 15-20℃ under natural ambient atmospheric conditions. The measured uptake values agree well with that calculated by Guenther algorithm.     

Reaction of wheat-straw structural components with a nitrating mixture containing trifluoroacetic acid

The reactions of wheat-straw (Triticum aestivum) cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with a mixture of nitric and trifluoroacetic acids and certain properties of the nitration products were studied for straw directly and for structural components isolated from it. The nitration products could be separated into nitrates of structural polysaccharides and nitrolignin by treatment with hot bases. __________ Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 477–479, September–October, 2006.     

Reflection spectra of brown or stem rust-affected wheat crops in the range 0.68–0.75 µm

Specific features of the spectral characteristics of wheat crops unaffected and affected by brown or stem rust have been studied. It is shown that the state of wheat can be evaluated using a set of spectral signs, the number and position of the maxima on the spectral curve of the first derivatives of the Iuminance factors, and also the ratio of the derivatives at the maxima. The coefficients of variation in the presence of the considered spectral signs in unaffected and affected wheat have been evaluated. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 225–228, March–April, 2000.     

粗径毛细管气相色谱法测定F8426在土壤和小麦中的残留量

 用气相色谱法测定了快灭灵 40 %干悬浮剂中F842 6在土壤和小麦中的残留量。用丙酮 水 (体积比为 80∶2 0 )溶液提取土壤和小麦样本中的F842 6 ,然后用石油醚萃取。石油醚相经浓缩后过弗罗里硅土和活性炭 (0 97g +0 0 3g)混合小柱净化 ,再用OV 170 1粗径毛细管柱分离 ,用电子捕获检测器 (ECD)测定。该方法对F842 6的最小检出量为 0 0 2ng ,在小麦和土壤中F842 6的最低检出限分别为 2 μg/kg和 1μg/kg ,对土壤和小麦空白样本的平均添加回收率为 89 6 0 %～ 97 5 3%,变异系数为 4 42 %～ 8 6 7%。。     

CULTURE OF WHEAT PROTOPLAST ——HIGH FREQUENCY MICROCOLONY FORMATION AND PLANT REGENERATION

Embryogenic calli were induced from the mature seeds of the hexaploid semi-winter wheat. The embryogenic cell line was established, and then the friable calli suitable for suspension were induced by adjusting the content of reduced N and changing the 2,4DAA concentration. Protoplasts were isolated from the suspension cells and cultured(?)in KM8P and some other media. A great number of microcolonies were obtained. By altering media, the microcolonies were promoted to grow further and form compact or nodule-like calli. Intact plants were regenerated through organogenesis and embryogenesis on differentiation media.     

Transgenic Wheat Plants Obtained With Pollen-Tube Pathway Method

β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (carried by pBI121 plasmid) has been introduced into hexaploid wheat c. v. Xiaoshan No. 3 with the pollen-tube pathway method. Five transgenic plants are selected from 106 T0 plants. All of these plants are identified by the Southern hybridization, and the GUS activity can be detected by using fluorogenic assay and histochemical stain.     

大麦和硬粒小麦属间试管受精结籽

大麦和硬粒小麦属间的三个杂交组合用试管受精的方法得到28月赘式管种子，结实率为10.2^20.3男，并得到一株幼苗，其根尖染色体数为2n=21，是属间杂种.用F'DA荧光法检测了不同方法消毒的父本花粉，其生活力比对照均有不同程度的降低，其中麦穗用挤干的?5不酒精棉球初步消毒后，再用15w紫外线灯照射20分钟，效果较好.此外描述了离体授粉后种子发育的动态.     

Untersuchungen mit 15N im Dauerdüngungsfeldversuch

Abstract

Long-term static fertilizer experiments are important for the soil fertility research, particular for using nitrogen problems. There are several possibilities for ¹⁵N-traces in such experiments. One example is the International Organic Nitrogen Long-Term Experiment at Berlin-Dahlem in which ¹⁵N-tracers are used, involving organic and inorganic fertilizers. By analyzing the soil and the plant biomass, it was possible to distinguish between nitrogen originating from the soil and that from the fertilizer. Some results are published.