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11.
用程序升温脱附技术,研究了添加稀土的烃类水蒸汽重整催化剂(Ni/α-Al_2O_3)对水蒸汽的吸附性能,同未加稀土的镍催化剂作了对比。结果表明,加有稀土的镍催化剂对水蒸汽的吸附能力主要是稀土的贡献。还原态催化剂对水蒸汽的吸附量比相应的氧化态多1.4倍。发现催化剂对水蒸汽的吸附能力不仅取决于浸渍方式,而且同稀土含量有关。当稀土含量较多时,催化剂表面上呈现出三个能量不同的吸附位。稀土含量少于1.3%时。对提高催化剂吸附水蒸汽的能力已作用不大。含稀土的镍催化剂吸附水蒸汽的能力大,正是其抗结炭性能耐硫性能好的原因。 相似文献
12.
Vapor pressure,speciation, and chemical activities in highly concentrated sodium borate solutions at 277 and 317°C 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Oleh Weres 《Journal of solution chemistry》1995,24(5):409-438
The system H2O-B2O3-Na2O has been studied experimentally at 277 and 317°C. The activities of water and boric acid have been determined at mole ratios Na/B from 0 to 1.5, and total dissolved solids 3 to 80 weight percent. The activity of boric acid has been fitted to within experimental error using a speciation model with eight complex species. This model is consistent with the model previously published by Mesmer et al. The electrolyte properties of the liquid are modeled using the Pitzer-Simonson model of very concentrated electrolyte solutions. The calculated values of water activity agree with experiment, and the activity of NaOH and pOH have also been calculated. The potassium borate system also was briefly studied at 317°C, and is adequately described by a model with five complex species. The potassium borate liquid is more alkaline at K/B= 1 than a sodium borate liquid at the same mole ratio, but pOH in the two systems is the same at lower mole ratios. 相似文献
13.
采用共沉淀法,用不同金属盐为Cu源和Zn源合成了一系列CuZnAl水滑石,以此为前体经600℃焙烧后制得相应催化剂.用硝酸盐和醋酸盐合成的水滑石结晶度高,其衍生催化剂比表面积大、Cu的分散性好且易于还原;而用硫酸盐和盐酸盐合成的水滑石结晶度差,其衍生催化剂比表面积小、Cu的分散性差且不易还原.反应评价结果显示,用硝酸盐和醋酸盐制得的催化剂活性高、反应稳定性好;而用硫酸盐和盐酸盐制得的催化剂由于低的Cu表面积以及S和Cl的毒化作用而几乎无催化活性.在醋酸盐制备的催化剂上,产物干气中CO的浓度明显较低,在250℃和WHSV=3.28 h-1的条件下约为0.03%~0.04%,仅为硝酸盐所制催化剂上CO浓度的1/5;在210℃和WHSV=0.5 h-1的条件下,该催化剂上甲醇几乎完全转化,同时CO浓度降至约0.005%.N2O滴定、CO2程序升温脱附和程序升温还原结果显示,用醋酸盐和硝酸盐制备的催化剂具有极相近的Cu表面积和表面碱性,但前者CuO的还原峰温较后者低近70℃,归因于ZnO与CuO间的强相互作用,这是催化剂具有良好选择性的可能原因. 相似文献
14.
A study was carried out on the composition and nature of the stabilizing additive on the activity of nickel-containing composites
based on zirconia in the methane steam conversion. The methane conversions were 91–99% on Ni/ZrO2(Y, Sc, Ce) at 700–800 °C. 相似文献
15.
Physicochemical and catalytic properties of phosphorus and boron modified HZSM-5 zeolites treated with 100% steam at 673K were investigated.The acidity and distribution of acidic sites were studied by infrared spectroscopy using pyridine as probe molecule and temperature programmed desortion (TPD) of ammonia.The structure of the samples was characterized by XRD,and the textural properties of the catalysts were determined by nitrogen isothermal adsorption-desorption measurements and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The XRD results show that the modified samples have no novel crystalline phase,indicating a high dispersion of phosphorus and boron species.After treatment,the microporous volume and surface area of the samples markedly decrease,implying the bolockage of the channel.The nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements suggest that the isothermal type of all samples is a combination of isothermal type Ⅰ and Ⅳ,and all hysteresis loops resemble the H4-type in the IUPAC classification.The total acidity of the modified samples,determined by pyrldine adsorption IR and TPD of ammonia,decreases in contrast to that of the parent HZSM-5.The conversion of n-heptane over P and B steammodified HZSM-5 is higher than that of P and B-modified HZSM-5 zeolites but lower than that of the parent HZSM-5. 相似文献
16.
以共沉淀法合成了硅铝系载体(AS和SA),并采用改性天然高铝石为原料合成了矿物质载体(MC-1和MC-2),采用浸渍法合成了镍负载型催化剂。用常压固定床管式反应器,考察了液化石油气水蒸气重整反应活性,通过XRD、物理吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,以MC-1、MC-2和SA、AS为载体的催化剂的水蒸气重整活性明显高于目前普遍使用的Ni/α-Al2O3催化剂。以SA为载体,负载5%镍的催化剂具有最好的水蒸气重整活性。在750 ℃,水碳比为2.0的条件下转化率达100%,C1选择性达94.46%。XRD分析结果表明1 300 ℃焙烧后的SA载体中存在α-Al2O3晶型和莫来石结构。硅、铝添加次序对水蒸气重整活性影响较大,硅-铝添加次序的催化剂样品的活性高于铝-硅添加次序的样品,C1选择性提高12.7%。 相似文献
17.
R.-L. Yun Y.-M. Chang C.-H. Lin K.-H. Hu C.-M. Shu 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2006,85(1):107-113
In industrial processes, information
on the safety property of chemicals is essentially crucial for safe handling
during unit operations. Ensuring the safe use of combustible or flammable
substances in processes is unlikely without detailed investigations of their
flammability characteristics and related hazards. We studied 3-methyl pyridine
(3-picoline), e.g., flammability limits (LFL/UFL), maximum explosion pressure
(P
max), maximum
explosion pressure rise (dP/dt)max, minimum oxygen concentration
(MOC), vapor deflagration index (K
g),
and characterized the influence of inert steam (H2O)
on critical parameters for 3-picoline/water mixtures at 270°C, 1 atm,
various oxygen concentrations, and vapor mixing ratios (100/0, 30/70, 10/90
and 5/95 vol.%) with a 20-L-Apparatus in simulated conditions, respectively.
The results showed that the flammability characteristics
of 3-picoline(aq) all increased with the oxygen concentration.
However, as the composition of inert steam increased, the flammability parameters
and the degree of fire and explosion hazards were significantly reduced, instead.
This study elucidated the flammability properties of 3-picoline mixed with
inert steam. The conclusions could be applied to proactively prevent the relevant
processes from incurring fire and explosion accidents. 相似文献
18.
Enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials using simultaneous ball milling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mais Ursula Esteghlalian Ali R. Saddler John N. Mansfield Shawn D. 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2002,98(1-9):815-832
One of the limiting factors restricting the effective and efficient bioconversion of softwood-derived lignocellulosic residues
is the recalcitrance of the substrate following pretreatment. Consequently, the ensuing enzymatic process requires relatively
high enzyme loadings to produce monomeric carbohydrates that are readily fermentable by ethanologenic microorganisms. In an
attempt to circumvent the need for larger enzyme loadings, a simultaneous physical and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment was
evaluated. A ball-mill reactor was used as the digestion vessel, and the extent and rate of hydrolysis were monitored. Concurrently,
enzyme adsorption profiles and the rate of conversion during the course of hydrolysis were monitored. α-Cellulose, employed
as a model substrate, and SO2-impregnated steam-exploded Douglas-fir wood chips were assessed as the cellulosic substrates. The softwood-derived substrate
was further posttreated with water and hot alkaline hydrogen peroxide to remove >90% of the original lignin. Experiments at
different reaction conditions were evaluated, including substrate concentration, enzyme loading, reaction volumes, and number
of ball beads employed during mechanical milling. It was apparent that the best conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of
α-cellulose were attained using a higher number of beads, while the presence of air-liquid interface did not seem to affect
the rate of saccharification. Similarly, when employing the lignocellulosic substrate, up to 100% hydrolysis could be achieved
with a minimum enzyme loading (10 filter paper units/g of cellulose), at lower substrate concentrations and with a greater
number of reaction beads during milling. It was apparent that the combined strategy of simultaneous ball milling and enzymatic
hydrolysis could improve the rate of saccharification and/or reduce the enzyme loading required to attain total hydrolysis
of the carbohydrate moieties. 相似文献
19.
Studies of the Methane Steam Reforming Reaction at High Pressure in a Ceramic Membrane Reactor
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The effects of temperature and pressure on the steam reforming of methane 3H2+CO) were investigated in a membrane reactor (MR) with a hydrogen permeable membrane. The studies used a novel silica-based membrane prepared by using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique with a permeance for H2 of 6.0×l0-8 mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1 at 923 K. The results in a packed-bed reactor (PBR) were compared to those of the membrane reactor at various temperatures (773-923 K) and pressures (1-20 atm, 101.3-2026.5 kPa) using a commercial Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst. The conversion of methane was improved significantly in the MR by the countercurrent removal of hydrogen at all temperatures and allowed product yields higher than the equilibrium to be obtained. Pressure had a positive effect on the hydrogen yield because of the increase in driving force for the permeance of hydrogen. The yield of hydrogen increased with pressure and reached a value of 73×10-6 mol·g-1·s-1 at 2026.5 kPa and 923 K which was higher by 108% than the value of 35×10-6 mol·g-1·s-1 obtained for the equilibrium yield. The results obtained with the silica-based membrane were similar to those obtained with various other membranes as reported in the literature. 相似文献
20.
Summary Dynamic headspace and simultaneous steam distillation-extraction techniques were used to isolate volatile components of Parmesan cheese. Identification of the substances was carried out by GC and GC-MS; 110 compounds were identified in the samples obtained using the headspace technique, 105 in the extracts; among them, about 50 compounds were isolated with both procedures. Mass spectral data showed evidence for a number of newly reported compounds such as 3-(methylthio)propanal, -tetradecalactone, 9-tetra-decenoic and 9-hexadecenoic acids. Mass spectra of some compounds are discussed and a comparison between the results obtained with the two sampling methods is given. 相似文献