A Critical Review of the Role of Thin Liquid Films for Modified Salinity Brine Recovery Processes

Low salinity water injection (LSWI) is the process of injecting modified salinity brine with controlled ionic composition to achieve increased oil recovery compared to conventional waterflooding. This paper reviews the most recent advances in proposed low salinity mechanisms, but specifically emphasizes the role of thin liquid films in crude oil/brine/rock systems. Importantly, thin water films on rock surfaces affect hydraulic resistance of pore channels as well as phase-trapping mechanisms. As films become thicker, they provide greater lubrication of oil droplets and hence, flow resistance decreases. Consequently, films dictate oil and water distribution in porous media and determine the wettability of crude oil/brine/rock systems under static and dynamic conditions. The stability of the thin water films depends on the interactions between the oil/brine and the calcite/brine interfaces through van der Waals, electrostatic, and structural forces.     

Natural abundances of 15N and 13C in leaves of some N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing trees and shrubs in Syria

A survey study was conducted on man-made plantations located at two different areas in the arid region of Syria to determine the variations in natural abundances of the ¹⁵N and ¹³C isotopes in leaves of several woody legume and non-legume species, and to better understand the consequence of such variations on nitrogen fixation and carbon assimilation. In the first study area (non-saline soil), the δ¹⁵N values in four legume species (Acacia cyanophylla,?1.73 ‰ Acacia farnesiana,?0.55 ‰ Prosopis juliflora,?1.64 ‰; and Medicago arborea,+1.6 \textperthousand) and one actinorhizal plant (Elaeagnus angustifolia,?0.46 to?2.1 ‰) were found to be close to that of the atmospheric value pointing to a major contribution of N₂ fixing in these species; whereas, δ¹⁵N values of the non-fixing plant species were highly positive. δ¹³C ‰; in leaves of the C3 plants were found to be affected by plant species, ranging from a minimum of?28.67 ‰; to a maximum of?23 ‰. However, they were relatively similar within each plant species although they were grown at different sites. In the second study area (salt affected soil), a higher carbon discrimination value (Δ¹³C ‰) was exhibited by P. juliflora, indicating that the latter is a salt tolerant species; however, its δ¹⁵N was highly positive (+7.03 ‰) suggesting a negligible contribution of the fixed N₂. Hence, it was concluded that the enhancement of N₂ fixation might be achieved by selection of salt-tolerant Rhizobium strains.     

钱塘江河口盐度的神经网络模拟

盐水入侵会对潮汐河口饮用水源地产生影响,河口盐度的合理预测对饮用水源地取水安全和水库泄水抑咸调度有重要意义.以上游流量和下游潮差为控制条件,建立模拟钱塘江河口盐度变化情况的神经网络模型.首先对输入数据作归一化处理,利用上半年观测数据对模型进行反复训练,进而后报下半年盐度.模型输出数据反归一化所得到的结果与实测盐度数据比较,两者较为一致.表明基于河口盐度与上游流量和下游潮差间映射关系所建立的神经网络模型可有效地模拟潮汐河口的盐度变化.利用神经网络方法模拟了上游流量变化条件下钱塘江河口某测站的氯化物浓度.结果显示,当利用上游水库泄水来抑制河口咸水入侵时,采用降序流量过程可更有效地减小盐水入侵对饮用水源地的影响.     

海洋-大气二氧化碳通量三维时空可视化研究

海洋能够吸收和存储大气中的CO2,监测海-气CO2通量对预测大气CO2含量乃至全球气候变化具有重要意义.根据海-气CO2通量及其影响因素的特点,进行了科学的时空数据组织,给出了一种高效的三维可视化方法来表现海洋CO2源与汇分布特征及其影响因素间相互作用的地理过程,为海洋环境立体监测提供了手段.     

盐度对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹蜕壳的影响

为探讨盐度在三疣梭子蟹幼蟹养殖中的作用, 设置5个不同梯度的盐度(10、15、20、27、35)来检验对梭子蟹幼蟹存活及蜕壳的影响. 结果显示: 盐度显著影响三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的蜕壳存活率以及其蜕壳周期的长短和蜕壳率. 盐度10、15组具有较高蜕壳存活率, 分别为(89±0.10)%和(72±0.10)%; 具有较短的蜕壳周期, 分别为(18.15±0.52)d和(17.51±0.73)d, 且蜕壳率也较高. 因此, 在三疣梭子蟹幼蟹养殖过程中, 可采取10~15的较低盐度获得较稳定的存活率及较短的蜕壳周期     

Effects of Several Ecological Factors on Embryonic and Larval Development of Hemifusus tuba

采用单因子试验研究了温度、盐度、孵化密度、饵料种类、底质对管角螺孵化及稚螺的影响．研究结果表明：孵化的适宜温度为18～30℃,最适温度为21～30℃;适宜盐度为20-30,最适盐度为25;充气条件下,孵化适宜密度为6×10^3-30×10^3ind·m^-3,不充气条件下,孵化适宜密度为6×10^3-30×10^3ind·m^-3,不充气初孵稚螺壳高与孵化密度负相关．稚螺适宜盐度为15～30,最适盐度为25～30;充气的条件下,培养适宜密度为1×10^4-5×10^4ind·m^-3,培养最适密度为3×10^4-5×10^4ind·m^-3;较佳饵料为缢蛏和菲律宾蛤予;较佳底质为细砂和砖瓦．     

基于综合高光谱指数的区域土壤盐渍化监测研究

选取新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲盐渍化土壤、植被及其光谱反射率为研究对象,对实测土壤、植被高光谱进行包络线、倒数、对数、均方根、一阶微分等各种光谱变换,分析并确定反映盐渍化程度最敏感的波段,结果表明：实测高光谱土壤、植被一阶微分光谱变换对土壤盐渍化响应程度最敏感;基于实测综合光谱指数的盐渍化监测高光谱模型可以准确提取土壤盐渍化信息,明显优于传统遥感方法中单纯利用植被指数或者土壤盐分指数的模型,对土壤盐渍化的高精度遥感监测研究具有较好促进作用。     

基于布里渊后向散射的海水温度与盐度同步测量研究

基于布里渊散射信号的检测可实现对海水温度等参量的监测.由于海水的布里渊频移量是关于温度和盐度的二元函数,故无法仅通过布里渊散射频移量的检测实现对海水温度和盐度两个独立变量的精确测定.研究表明布里渊信号的功率也是关于温度和盐度的二元函数,所以文章提出通过测量布里渊频移量和接收布里渊信号功率大小,通过两个二元函数反演出海水的温度与盐度数值,实现对海水温度和盐度两个独立变量的同步测量.     

等厚干涉法测量盐度

根据等厚干涉的原理,本文提出了一种通过测量水质的折射率来测定盐度的光学方法。测量误差低于3％。     

一个L波段海表盐度遥感反演的新经验模式

海表盐度是描述海洋的一个重要参量，海表盐度的微波探测是海洋遥感研究的重要内容.利用黄海实测盐度数据和海表亮温资料，建立了一个适用于黄海近岸的盐度反演模式.在没有海浪破碎情况下，利用L波段的亮温资料反演海洋表层盐度.本模式充分考虑了海面粗糙度的影响，从海水亮温和海水的介电常数反演的表层盐度和实测的表层海水盐度基本一致，其平均绝对误差为0.288psu，与同类模式相比具有较高的精度. 关键词： 盐度 亮温 辐射率 介电常数