Parameters affecting electro membrane extraction of basic drugs

Thirty-five different basic drugs were extracted by electro membrane extraction (EME), from acidified samples containing HCl as the BGE, through an organic solvent immobilized in the pores in the wall of a porous hollow fiber (supported liquid membrane, SLM), and into an acidified acceptor solution (HCl) in the lumen of the hollow fiber by the application of an electrical potential difference of 50 V. With 2-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (NPPE) as the SLM, and with 10 mM HCl as BGE in the sample and acceptor solution, singly charged basic drugs with log P >2 were extracted with recoveries in the range 30-81% within 5 min. For doubly charged basic drugs, extraction was effectively enhanced by decreasing the concentration of HCl in the sample from 10 to 0.1 mM, reducing the ionization of the analytes. For medium polar analytes (1 < log P < 2), an ion balance of 0.01 was combined with addition of tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) to the SLM, and this provided recoveries in the range 36-70%. The ion balance was defined as the concentration ratio of BGE between the sample and the acceptor solution. For the most polar drugs (log P <1), EME was accomplished with an ion balance of 0.01 and with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) added to the SLM, but in spite of this, recoveries were in the range of only 4-17%.     

Multiresidue methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals,personal care products and illicit drugs in surface water and wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

The main aim of the presented research is to introduce a new technique, ultra performance liquid chromatography-positive/negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MS/MS), for the development of new simultaneous multiresidue methods (over 50 compounds). These methods were used for the determination of multiple classes of pharmaceuticals (acidic, basic and neutral compounds: analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antiepileptics, beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, lipid regulating agents, etc.), personal care products (sunscreen agents, preservatives, disinfectant/antiseptics) and illicit drugs (amphetamine, cocaine and benzoylecgonine) in surface water and wastewater. The usage of the novel UPLC system with a 1.7 microm particle-packed column allowed for good resolution of analytes with the utilisation of low mobile phase flow rates (0.05-0.07 mL min(-1)) and short retention times (method times of up to 25 min), delivering a fast and cost-effective method. SPE with the usage of Oasis MCX strong cation-exchange mixed-mode polymeric sorbent was chosen for sample clean-up and concentration. The influence of mobile phase composition, matrix-assisted ion suppression in ESI-MS and SPE recovery on the sensitivity of the method was extensively studied. The method limits of quantification were at low nanogram per litre levels and ranged from tenths of ng L(-1) to tens of ng L(-1) in surface water and from single ng L(-1) to a few hundreds of ng L(-1) in the case of wastewater. The instrumental and method intraday and interday repeatabilities were on average less than 5%. The method was successfully applied for the determination of pharmaceuticals in the River Taff (South Wales) and a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP Cilfynydd). Several pharmaceuticals and personal care products were determined in river water at levels ranging from single ng L(-1) to single microg L(-1).     

Field-Template,QSAR, Ensemble Molecular Docking,and 3D-RISM Solvation Studies Expose Potential of FDA-Approved Marine Drugs as SARS-CoVID-2 Main Protease Inhibitors

Currently, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has infected people among all countries and is a pandemic as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoVID-2 main protease is one of the therapeutic drug targets that has been shown to reduce virus replication, and its high-resolution 3D structures in complex with inhibitors have been solved. Previously, we had demonstrated the potential of natural compounds such as serine protease inhibitors eventually leading us to hypothesize that FDA-approved marine drugs have the potential to inhibit the biological activity of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Initially, field-template and structure–activity atlas models were constructed to understand and explain the molecular features responsible for SARS-CoVID-2 main protease inhibitors, which revealed that Eribulin Mesylate, Plitidepsin, and Trabectedin possess similar characteristics related to SARS-CoVID-2 main protease inhibitors. Later, protein–ligand interactions are studied using ensemble molecular-docking simulations that revealed that marine drugs bind at the active site of the main protease. The three-dimensional reference interaction site model (3D-RISM) studies show that marine drugs displace water molecules at the active site, and interactions observed are favorable. These computational studies eventually paved an interest in further in vitro studies. Finally, these findings are new and indeed provide insights into the role of FDA-approved marine drugs, which are already in clinical use for cancer treatment as a potential alternative to prevent and treat infected people with SARS-CoV-2.     

Development and Effects of Influenza Antiviral Drugs

Influenza virus is a highly contagious zoonotic respiratory disease that causes seasonal outbreaks each year and unpredictable pandemics occasionally with high morbidity and mortality rates, posing a great threat to public health worldwide. Besides the limited effect of vaccines, the problem is exacerbated by the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against all flu strains. Currently, there are two classes of antiviral drugs available that are chemosynthetic and approved against influenza A virus for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment, but the appearance of drug-resistant virus strains is a serious issue that strikes at the core of influenza control. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs. Many reports have shown that the development of novel bioactive plant extracts and microbial extracts has significant advantages in influenza treatment. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and effects of chemosynthetic drugs, plant extracts, and microbial extracts with influenza antiviral activity, hoping to provide some references for novel antiviral drug design and promising alternative candidates for further anti-influenza drug development.     

Advances and Perspectives in the Management of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a common and ubiquitous human-restricted pathogen, causes a primary infection (varicella or chickenpox) followed by establishment of latency in sensory ganglia. The virus can reactivate, causing herpes zoster (HZ, shingles) and leading to significant morbidity but rarely mortality, although in immunocompromised hosts, VZV can cause severe disseminated and occasionally fatal disease. We discuss VZV diseases and the decrease in their incidence due to the introduction of live-attenuated vaccines to prevent varicella or HZ. We also focus on acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir (FDA approved drugs to treat VZV infections), brivudine (used in some European countries) and amenamevir (a helicase-primase inhibitor, approved in Japan) that augur the beginning of a new era of anti-VZV therapy. Valnivudine hydrochloride (FV-100) and valomaciclovir stearate (in advanced stage of development) and several new molecules potentially good as anti-VZV candidates described during the last year are examined. We reflect on the role of antiviral agents in the treatment of VZV-associated diseases, as a large percentage of the at-risk population is not immunized, and on the limitations of currently FDA-approved anti-VZV drugs. Their low efficacy in controlling HZ pain and post-herpetic neuralgia development, and the need of multiple dosing regimens requiring daily dose adaptation for patients with renal failure urges the development of novel anti-VZV drugs.     

The Effect of a New Glucose–Methotrexate Conjugate on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Cell Lines

Patients with hematologic malignancies require intensive therapies, including high-dose chemotherapy. Antimetabolite–methotrexate (MTX) has been used for many years in the treatment of leukemia and in lymphoma patients. However, the lack of MTX specificity causes a significant risk of morbidity, mortality, and severe side effects that impairs the quality of patients’ life. Therefore, novel targeted therapies based on the malignant cells’ common traits have become an essential treatment strategy. Glucose transporters have been found to be overexpressed in neoplastic cells, including hematologic malignancies. In this study, we biologically evaluated a novel glucose–methotrexate conjugate (Glu–MTX) in comparison to a free MTX. The research aimed to assess the effectiveness of Glu–MTX on chosen human lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Cell cytotoxicity was verified by MTT viability test and flow cytometry. Moreover, the cell cycle and cellular uptake of Glu–MTX were evaluated. Our study reveals that conjugation of methotrexate with glucose significantly increases drug uptake and results in similar cytotoxicity of the synthesized compound. Although the finding has been confined to in vitro studies, our observations shed light on a potential therapeutic approach that increases the selectivity of chemotherapeutics and can improve leukemia and lymphoma patients’ outcomes.     

光、电催化合成氘代化学品和药物分子研究综述

稳定氘同位素因其安全、易控制、廉价易得等优势而被广泛应用于探究有机反应机理和揭示药物及其代谢物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程.此外,氘标记药物也被称为重氢药、重药,即把药物分子上处于代谢位点的一个或多个碳氢键(C-H)用碳氘键(C-D)替代获得的新药,以延长药物代谢周期、减少进入血液前的代谢、减少有毒代谢物产生,从而降低给药剂量、提高安全性以及获得更佳的疗效.2017年4月,第一例氘代新药,氘代四苯喹嗪(海外商品名Austedo,国内商品名:安泰坦)被美国食品药品监督管理局批准,氘代新药市场被彻底激活.临床数据显示,丁苯那嗪原药具有严重的毒副作用,19%的病人使用后表现出抑郁病症,严重者甚至有自杀倾向;氘代丁苯那嗪相对于原药,代谢动力学特征明显改善,毒副作用显著降低.目前,国内外已有多家知名药企(如BMS,Concert,Teva,苏州泽璟生物制药以及成都海创等)布局氘代新药研发.2021年6月,中国国家药品监督管理局正式批准苯磺酸多纳非尼片(商品名:泽普生),用于治疗既往未接受过全身系统性治疗的不可切除肝细胞癌患者.氘代药物的蓬勃发展使得对其精准合成提出了更高的要求和更强烈的需求.氢氘交换等传统方法由于反应条件苛刻、氘源昂贵、氘代个数和位点难以精准控制等限制,难以满足新时代氘代药物的发展需要.近年,化学家开始致力于开发温和、精准氘代新方法,其中,光或电驱动的温和、精准氘标记方法引起了广泛关注.本综述着重总结近五年光/电驱动的温和、精准的氘代方法的研究进展.基于氘原子引入的反应模式分为以下三种类型.(1)氘原子转移策略:以光/电催化单电子转移或者氢原子转移方式生成自由基中间体R^?;随后,R^?与氘原子转移试剂(由硫醇和重水原位制得)反应,得到相应的氘代产物R-D.利用该策略,目前已发展了羧酸、卤代烃、硫醚(醇)等的去官能化氘代反应以及硅烷、叔胺、醛基等的氢氘交换反应.(2)氘原子攫取策略:以光/电催化单电子转移、氢原子转移或者能量转移方式生成自由基R^?中间体,一方面,以产物碳氘键键能大于溶剂碳氘键键能为驱动力,使R^?直接从氘代溶剂中攫取氘原子制得相应的氘代产物R-D;另一方面,利用光/电催化强驱动力,使R^?再次获得一个电子形成相应负离子,从而顺利从重水中攫氘,制得相应的氘代产物R-D.利用该策略,目前已开发了羧酸、重氮、卤代物等的去官能化氘代反应,以及亚胺的加氘还原反应.(3)重水分解策略:基于光/电催化水分解制氢原理,以光或电为驱动力分解重水,使其产生高活性氘物种,原位耦合还原氘代反应.利用该策略,目前已开发了以重水为氘源的卤代物,不饱和官能团(包括烯烃、炔烃、亚胺和芳基酮等)等的氘代还原反应以及伯、仲胺的氘甲基化反应.本综述归纳了近年来光或电催化驱动的温和、精准氘代方法研究进展.在此基础上结合课题组在该领域的研究经历,分析了药物和精细化学品精准氘代面临的关键挑战和重要机遇,包括:发展温和、精准的不对称催化氘代方法用于制备手性氘代药物;针对复杂药物多个代谢位点,实现精准、可控氘代,从而更有效调节药物代谢动力学和代谢产物.此外,光合成、电合成迅猛发展也将为氘代精细化学品和药物光、电催化合成带来新的机遇.     

固相萃取-离子迁移谱法快速筛查祛痘类化妆品中14种抗菌药物

目前,主动性的现场稽查已成为市场监管的发展趋势,这需要在现场快速有效地筛查大量产品,评估是否含有非法添加化学药物,对有嫌疑的样品及时封存,再送至实验室进一步检验。离子迁移谱技术是近年来发展起来的快筛技术之一。实验采用固相萃取-离子迁移谱技术,建立了祛痘类化妆品中14种抗菌药物的快速筛查方法。对离子迁移谱检测条件、样品提取条件、固相萃取净化条件(固相萃取柱、淋洗液种类、洗脱液种类及体积)进行了详细考察与优化。最终使用80%(体积分数)乙腈水溶液(含0.2%(质量分数)三氯乙酸)作为样品提取溶液,提取后上样于活化后的弱阳离子交换柱(Oasis^® MCX固相萃取柱), 3.0 mL甲醇淋洗,1.0 mL 2%氨水甲醇洗脱,洗脱液直接进离子迁移谱检测。14种抗菌药物的迁移时间在11~17 ms之间,检出限为0.2~1.2 μg/g。同时,由于离子迁移谱法线性范围较窄,不能准确定量,建立了高效液色谱(HPLC)定量方法,用于固相萃取前处理步骤的优化和阳性样品的验证。25批化妆品样品中,筛查出1批阳性样品,与HPLC检测结果相符。该方法快速、简便、高效,显著降低了祛痘类化妆品基质对离子迁移谱检测14种抗菌药物的干扰,提高了检测灵敏度,有效降低了假阳性和假阴性的发生,可用于化妆品现场快速筛查,同时也扩大了离子迁移谱在化妆品等复杂基质中非法添加化学药物检测的应用范围。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱快速筛查确证化妆品中73种常见禁用物质

建立了超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF HRMS)同时快速筛查确证化妆品中73种常见禁用物质的方法。样品经饱和氯化钠溶液分散均匀后,采用含0.2%甲酸的乙腈溶液超声提取,50 mg PSA净化,以8000 r/min高速冷冻离心除脂,采用Waters Acquity HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)分离。采用多反应监测高分辨扫描模式(MRM HR),以保留时间、一级母离子精确质量数、同位素丰度比和二级子离子精确质量数实现化妆品中73种禁用物质的快速筛查和确证,基质匹配外标法定量。实验比较了不同提取溶剂、净化吸附剂、色谱条件和质谱扫描模式对73种禁用物质测定的影响,并考察了膏霜剂和水剂的基质效应。结果表明,73种禁用物质线性关系良好,相关系数(R²)>0.99;检出限为5~150 μg/kg;定量限为15~450 μg/kg;膏霜剂及水剂两种基质在3个加标水平下的回收率为60.3%~130.3%,日内、日间RSD分别为0.8%~10.0%(n=6)和1.1%~15.0%(n=3)。日常风险监测中检出磺胺甲基异噁唑、甲基泼尼松、林可霉素、对乙酰氨基酚、甲氧苄啶、阿法骨化醇、倍他米松戊酸酯、溴莫尼定、氯霉素、氯苯那敏、氯倍他索丙酸酯、克罗米通、益康唑、酮康唑、泼尼松醋酸酯和泼尼松,检出含量范围为0.5~1136.1 mg/kg。该方法准确、快速、简便,可用于化妆品中73种常见禁用物质的检测。     

超高效液相色谱-Orbitrap高分辨质谱用于减肥和壮阳类保健食品中32种非法添加药物的快速筛查和确证北大核心CSCD

建立了基于超高效液相色谱-Orbitrap高分辨质谱的快速筛查及确证减肥和壮阳类保健食品中32种非法添加药物的分析方法,并总结了数据库建立和应用的相关要点。研究对象聚焦于非法添加药物的衍生物,在对比正负离子模式下各化合物响应强度的基础上建立了高分辨质谱信息库,对提取溶剂、色谱柱温度等实验条件进行了详细探究,尽可能给出了较宽的标准曲线线性范围。使用Hypersil gold vanquish色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.9μm),梯度洗脱,流量0.3 mL/min,正、负离子全扫描/数据依赖的二级扫描模式,在17 min内完成32种目标化合物的数据采集,通过TraceFinder软件进行快速定性筛查和定量。结果显示在17 min内32种化合物能得到较好分离;2种基质加标溶液中32种化合物的一级质谱离子精确质量数的实测值与理论值均在5×10^(-6)误差之内,二级碎片离子质量数的实测值与理论值均在1×10^(-5)误差之内;方法学验证结果表明,所有化合物均显示出优异的线性关系,相关系数(r^(2))均大于0.99;固体基质中除达泊西汀、羟基硫代豪莫西地那非、硫代豪莫西地那非、硫代西地那非、去甲基硫代西地那非的回收率较低外,其余27种化合物的回收率为50.5%~84.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~13%,液体基质中32种化合物的回收率范围为60.4%~109.3%,RSD为0.77%~8.2%;在48份减肥及壮阳类保健食品中检出1份阳性样品,检出率2.08%。该方法操作简单,结果定性准确,可用于减肥及壮阳类保健食品中32种非法添加药物的快速筛查及确证。