磁场和热辐射对可变表面热通量作用下的竖直圆锥体自然对流的影响

就圆锥体表面受到可变表面热通量作用,计及磁场和热辐射的综合影响,数值研究了流经竖直圆锥体的自然对流及其热交换特点.认为流体是灰色的、吸收-发射的辐射介质,而非散射介质,通过近似变换,将自由对流区中流动的边界层控制方程,简化为无量纲方程.利用Crank-Nicol-son形式的隐式有限差分法(具有收敛快、精度高、无条件稳定的特点),求解了无量纲的控制方程.得到了数值结果,以及空气和水中的速度、温度、局部和平均的壁面剪应力、局部和平均的Nusselt数.将所得到的结果与先前文献报道的结果进行比较,发现两者有着很好的一致性.     

Development and validation of a HPAE-PAD method for the quantification of CGP69669A, a sialyl Lewis(x) mimetic, in skin permeation studies

A simple, rapid, precise and specific isocratic HPAE‐PAD method for quantification of CGP69669A was developed and validated. CGP69669A is a glycomimetic of sialyl Lewis^x and an antagonist of E‐selectin with potential application in the treatment of inflammatory skin disease. Quantification was performed using a Dionex CarboPac^TM PA‐200 anion‐exchange column (3 × 250 mm) with 100 mm NaOH solution as mobile phase, a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min and an injection volume of 10 μL. A quadruple potential waveform was used to detect the carbohydrate (+0.1 V from 0.00 to 0.40 s, ?2.0 V from 0.41 to 0.42 s, +0.6 V at 0.43 s and ?0.1 V from 0.44 to 0.50 s with current integrated between 0.20 and 0.40 s for detection) and rafinose was employed as an internal standard. The optimized conditions enabled rapid elution of CGP69669A (at 3.0 min) without interference from solvent peaks or substances present in the skin. The method showed good intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy and the response was linear from 1.0 to 25 µg/mL. This is the first validated direct method for the quantification of CGP69669A. It will now be employed in studies investigating the topical and transdermal delivery of CGP69669A in vitro and in vivo and it should also be of use for other applications of this molecule. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using 1 MHz pulse-echo ultrasound externally applied to detect mastoid effusion: cadaver experiments

The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of using ultrasound to detect mastoid effusion (ME). In the past, ultrasound has been used to measure middle ear effusion (MEE) by injecting water into the external ear canal to measure echoes from the tympanic membrane, which is uncomfortable for the patient. It has been shown that air cells in the mastoid of patients with MEE are filled with fluid, which implies that ME could be a useful indicator of MEE. This study suggests using ultrasound to detect ME as a potentially noninvasive approach for MEE detection. In vitro experiments were performed on ten cadaver samples of the human ear. A single-element 1 MHz transducer was used to measure the mastoid of each cadaver before and after injecting water into the mastoid. The experimental results showed that the relative amplitudes of ultrasonic signals differed significantly between before (0.24 ± 0.09, mean ± standard deviation) and after (0.15 ± 0.03) the water injection (p < 0.05, t-test), demonstrating that the ultrasonic reflection can be used to detect ME. The location of the human mastoid under the skin behind the ear allows external measurements, and hence ultrasound-based ME detection may be an alternative, noninvasive diagnostic approach to detecting MEE in the future, providing an examination that avoids discomfort.     

Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Porcine Skin by Raman Microscopy

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are a key ingredient in sunscreen products for efficiently blocking ultraviolet irradiation on the skin. Lately, there have been concerns about their cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage to skin cells. One way to minimize the potential side effects is to wash away the nanoparticles from skin. However, the effectiveness of this strategy has not been evaluated, which is partially due to the lack of a convenient technology for skin analysis. Herein, a portable Raman microscope was shown for the first time to rapidly reveal and quantify titanium dioxide nanoparticle residue on the skin after cleaning. By using porcine skin as an example, cleaning with the detergent was determined as the fastest and most efficient way to remove the nanoparticles from the skin.     

便携式人体皮肤摩擦性能测试仪的研制

随着对人体皮肤摩擦学特性研究的展开,目前还没有适用的设备对脸颊?额头等不规则形状部位进行测试,本文研制了一种便携式的摩擦性能测试仪,并在不损害皮肤情况下进行人体皮肤摩擦性能测试,结果表明:该测试仪使用方便?性能可靠.在0.2 2N 的接触正压力和10 60nml/S 的滑行速度范围内,皮肤摩擦系数与施加的接触正压力及滑行速度无关.自然状态下,手背?手掌?前臂屈侧?前臂伸侧?前额部位皮肤摩擦系数在性别间的差距较小,但脸颊部位皮肤摩擦系数女性却远大于男性.护肤品处理后,各测试部位皮肤摩擦系数在性别间的差距都有所缩小.     

检验人工听骨力学性质的解析方法

传导性耳聋多由鼓膜或听骨链病变所致,人工中耳已在临床上广泛应用于传导性耳聋治疗.根据人工中耳结构试验和力学假设,用变分原理建立在任意时刻$t$点,人工鼓膜受迫振动位移与激发声压的关系,推导控制方程. 采用分离变量法及贝塞尔函数对方程求解,得到鼓膜和听骨位移的解析解. 通过与文献试验数据比较,感觉曲线形状与走势基本一致,证明了该方程是正确的,能够反映声音的传导机制. 利用方程计算得到:质量小的材料传音效果好于质量大的;顶盘面积一定时,质量为某一特定值时传音效果更佳; 该结果与相关文献的试验结果相符合. 研究表明: 该方程对于人工中耳数据的获得非常方便,并且能够优化人工听骨材料,特别是对质量的控制能达到科学的效果,避免测量因素及其他因素的干扰.该方法为耳生物力学的研究及应用提供了新的视点.      

汗液对皮肤摩擦特性的影响研究

采用人工汗液模拟人体汗液,在连续和间歇式往复摩擦运动模式下研究汗液对正常人体皮肤、穿戴假肢皮肤以及残肢疤痕皮肤摩擦性能的影响,并模拟假肢穿戴环境研究汗液对皮肤摩擦舒适度的影响. 结果表明:在法向载荷为0.2 N和0.7 N的连续和间歇式往复摩擦运动模式下,汗液均通过改变皮肤表面的物理化学性能而对皮肤的摩擦行为产生影响;在汗液逐渐干燥的过程中,皮肤的摩擦行为从粘着向相对滑移状态转变,摩擦系数变化经历从小到大再减小、最后达到稳定的过程;在法向载荷为8.0 N、模拟假肢穿戴环境的连续式往复摩擦运动模式下,汗液环境中的正常小腿皮肤、穿戴假肢皮肤和残肢疤痕皮肤的摩擦系数均大于干燥环境.根据皮肤在摩擦过程中的疼痛感、牵扯感和灼热感等同时提出皮肤摩擦舒适度概念,与干燥的假肢穿戴环境相比,汗液均加强了不同皮肤的摩擦不舒适感.     

高焓湍流边界层壁面摩阻产生机制分析

高超飞行器在中低空以极高马赫数飞行时,飞行器表面会遇到湍流与高温非平衡效应耦合作用的新问题.这种高焓湍流边界层壁面摩阻产生机制是新型高超声速飞行器所关注的基础科学问题,厘清此产生机制可以为减阻方法的设计提供指导,具有重要的工程实用价值.本文选取高超声速飞行时楔形体头部斜激波后的高焓流动状态,开展了考虑高温非平衡效应的湍...     

悬浮振子对中耳声传播特性影响的数值研究

为研究悬浮式中耳植入式助听装置中悬浮振子对中耳声传播特性的一些影响,建立了包括绑定悬浮振子的中耳有限元模型. 该模型基于一无任何听力损伤病史的成年志愿者的左耳,利用CT扫描和逆向成型技术建成. 模型的可靠性通过鼓膜及镫骨底板的位移计算结果与国外文献实验测得数据进行对比加以验证. 研究结果表明:悬浮振子的绑定会显著恶化中耳的高频传输特性;振子输出8.9\times10^5N的激振力才能激起100dB声压所对应的激振效果;振子在砧骨长突上的绑定位置离砧镫关节越近,高频段激振效果越好.      

蚊子口针刺破人体皮肤过程的数值模拟

利用扫描电子显微镜观察了蚊子口针的结构,根据实际结构建立蚊子口针端部模型,运用有限元软件ABAQUS对蚊子口针尖端刺入皮肤过程进行非线性有限元模拟,考虑不同皮肤层的力学性能,讨论了刺入过程中皮肤变形与破坏、刺入力等的变化规律,模拟过程与实际刺入实验基本相符.