Evaluation of a mixed chelator as heavy metal stabilizer for municipal solid‐waste incineration fly ash: Behaviors and mechanisms

This paper compares the stabilization performances of three dithiocarbamate and three phosphate chemical stabilizing agents, selects the best agents from each group, combines them as a mixed heavy metal stabilizer for municipal solid‐waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, and investigates the effectiveness of the mixed chelator in stabilizing heavy metals in MSWI fly ash from southwest China. The mechanism of stabilization is also analyzed. Results indicate that piperazine dithiocarbamate can stabilize Cd, Cu, and Ni effectively, while sodium dihydrogen phosphate can stabilize Pb better. With the addition of the mixed chelator (2% sodium dihydrogen phosphate and 1% piperazine dithiocarbamate), all the targeted heavy metal concentrations in the leachate were below the standards for pollution control on municipal solid waste landfill sites in China. The stabilizing agents combined with the heavy metals in fly ash could not generate insoluble crystals; however, the heavy metals could combine with the agents' effective groups, generating flocs in the pores or on the surfaces of the fly ash and offering significant densification. The mixed chelator could transfer heavy metals from unstable fractions to stable fractions, so the leaching of heavy metals from the fly ash was greatly decreased.     

Nine components pharmacokinetic study of rat plasma after oral administration raw and prepared Semen Cassiae in normal and acute liver injury rats

In China, Semen Cassiae has long been used to protect liver, brighten eyes, and relieve constipation. Prepared Semen Cassiae is produced from raw Semen Cassiae by processing, the two forms of Semen Cassiae have different clinical applications. Pathological state is an important factor affecting the efficacy of drugs, the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs could be significantly changed when people or animal were under different pathological state. To clarify the effect of processing mechanism and pathological state for pharmacokinetic behavior, the pharmacokinetics of nine components of raw and prepared Semen Cassiae under normal and acute liver injury rats were examined. The results showed that the bimodal phenomenon appeared on the plasma concentration‐time profiles of obtusin, emodin, chrysophanol, aloe emodin and rhein. The T_max of aurantio‐obtusin, obtusin, chrysoobtusin, emodin, chrysophanol, aloe emodin, physcion in normal groups administrated prepared Semen Cassiae were shorter than those administrated raw Semen Cassiae. For the AUC_0–t, aurantio‐obtusin, obtusin, chrysoobtusin, chrysophanol, aloe emodin and physcione in model groups administrated prepared Semen Cassiae were significantly higher than other groups, unlike above components, rhein had poor absorption in model groups. The study would be useful for further studies on pharmacokinetics and clinical application of raw and prepared Semen Cassiae.     

燃烧放热对准东煤成灰过程中钠盐释放的影响

选取典型的准东煤五彩湾煤为研究对象,在马弗炉内制备400-1200℃的燃烧灰和再热灰,采用K型热电偶测量燃烧过程中样品表面温度,通过XRF、XRD分析获得灰的成分和结晶形式,取部分灰样逐级萃取,通过微波消解及电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS),获得灰中钠的赋存特性。结果表明,燃烧和再热灰在成分和晶体形式上差异显著,再热灰钠含量明显高于燃烧灰且灰熔点偏低;随着温度升高灰中钠盐总量明显减少,其中,水溶钠、醋酸铵溶钠迅速减少,而盐酸溶钠含量先增加后减少,不可溶钠增加,释放的钠以可溶钠为主;加热温度和时间影响钠的释放,燃烧反应放热导致煤粉表面温度超过环境温度200℃以上,是钠盐过多释放的主要原因。     

Reactivity of fly ash in cement paste studied by means of thermogravimetry and isothermal calorimetry

Four paste mixtures with varying replacement level of the cement content by fly ash have been studied. Due to fly ash, the acceleration period decreased and a third hydration peak was noticed with isothermal calorimetry. The total heat after 7 days increased with increasing fly ash content. From 1 to 7 days, thermogravimetry showed a higher chemically bound water and Ca(OH)₂-content for the pastes with fly ash. Between 7 and 14 days the calcium hydroxide started to be depleted due to the pozzolanic reaction. A unique relation was found between calcium hydroxide and total heat development.     

Studies on the pozzolanic and hydraulic properties of fly ashes in model systems

In this work, the pozzolanic and hydraulic properties of ashes originating from various sources were studied in model systems such as ash and ash-lime pastes. The sources of studied ashes were: fluidized combustion of brown coal, pulverized combustion of brown coal and pulverized combustion of hard coal. This article is a continuation of our previously published studies on cement pastes with mentioned ashes. The following experimental techniques were applied: calorimetry, thermal analysis (TG, DTG) and infrared absorption (IR). Previously drawn conclusions relating to the reactivity of ashes in an environment containing Ca²⁺ ions were confirmed. According to these conclusions, an ash originating from fluidized combustion of coal exhibited higher reactivity compared to other ashes from pulverized combustion. Pozzolanic and hydraulic properties of this ash were also confirmed. Differences in the behaviour of ashes originating from pulverized combustion of various types of coal in the presence of water and Ca²⁺ rich environment were demonstrated.     

Characterization of FDR fly ash and brick/lime mixtures

The present research is concerning the characterization of FDR (fuel derived from residues) fly ash and mixtures with lime/brick hydraulic binder by DTA/TG/DTG thermo-analysis, X-ray diffractometry and chemical analysis. The use of hydraulic binder obtained from building brick rejects, which is less expensive than the usual solidifiers such as cementitious binder and silicates, allows us to reutilize, in the meantime, this wreckage material, to the advantage of environmental sustainability. Fly ash samples investigated in the present study were separated in a thermo-incineration plant. Mineralogical DTA/TG/DTG and XRD investigations reveal the presence of different phases as well as chemical analysis shows a moderate concentration of heavy metals and high content of chloride and sulphate. Results obtained from leaching tests with water carried out on hardened pastes containing fly ash lead to interesting results, which highlight behaviour to the release of contaminants. The whole of the results obtained in the present study make it possible to regard the objective of disposing such hardened materials in inert waste landfill sites as achievable.     

添加硼砂助熔剂煤灰熔融性的量子化学与实验研究

将硼砂按不同比例分别掺入四种高灰熔点煤灰中,对混合灰样熔融特性进行实验研究。 采用密度泛函理论对熔融过程中作为反应物的莫来石反应活性进行计算。莫来石属于正交晶系Pbam空间群。计算结果表明,莫来石很容易与电子接受体结合,不容易与电子给予体结合。当莫来石与电子给予体结合时,Si原子的活性高于Al。因此,向莫来石中加入助熔剂硼砂时,硼砂中的Na＋作为电子接受体,非常容易进入莫来石的晶格中,促使莫来石转变为霞石,降低了灰熔融温度。在还原性气氛下,煤灰熔融特性实验证实了理论计算结果。     

废铬革屑的综合回收利用

碱法水解铬鞣废革屑得到的胶原蛋白灰分含量较高,达不到产品质量标准。针对此问题,利用较为廉价的氧化钙作碱性试剂处理废铬革屑,确定了最优实验方案:碱用量为6%,反应温度为85℃,反应时间为6h。在此基础之上,进一步研究了降低胶原灰分含量的方法:对革屑进行预处理,将胶原液静置过夜过滤除杂,并以不同用量的离子交换树脂处理,当其用量为革屑质量的20%时可使灰分含量降低到国家标准。从水解残余物铬饼中制得了商品氧化铬和硫酸铬,提高了废革屑的利用价值,减少了环境污染。     

聚羧酸盐在洗衣粉中的应用性能研究

将5种聚羧酸盐和羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）分别配入洗衣粉中,用卧式去污机做去污实验和20次循环洗涤实验,结果表明：在无磷洗衣粉中加入聚羧酸盐,去污力比加入CMC提高了7．73％～12．20％,灰分沉积比不含聚羧酸盐的降低了49．77％～65．08％,白度保持比不含聚羧酸盐的提高了2．43％～4．02％．在5种聚羧酸盐中,3种不同分子量的聚丙烯酸钠KT-3、PA25CL和445N均可用作无磷洗衣粉的抗再沉积剂,其中KT-3更优．     

Adsorption Kinetics,Equilibrium, and Thermodynamics of Copper From Aqueous Solutions using Silicon Carbide Derived from Rice Waste

Adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solution on a novel adsorbent, silicon carbide ash (SiC ash), was studied using batch technique. The adsorbent was prepared by pyrolysis of Egyptian rice waste (rice straw and rice husk) and was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface area analysis by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Theory. The influence of pH, contact time, initial Cu(II) concentration, adsorbent dose, agitation speed, and temperature was investigated. Adsorption kinetics was analyzed using the pseudo-first-order, the pseudo-second-order, and intraparticular diffusion model. The adsorption process was found to follow a pseudo-second-order rate mechanism. The adsorption isotherm data could be well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich than the Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption model. The adsorption capacity of 22.06 mg g^?1for SiC ash was obtained at pH = 5 and temperature of 298 K. Thermodynamic parameters, change in the free energy (ΔG°), the enthalpy (ΔH°), and the entropy (ΔS°), were also calculated. The overall adsorption process was exothermic, spontaneous in nature, and proceeds with decreased randomness as the entropy is negative value. Adsorption process was successfully applied to remove Cu(II) from an industrial wastewater sample.