Epoxidation — a consequence of cell damage

Summary Products obtained after plant cell injury were studied by dividing white cabbage leaves (Brassica oleracea) in two parts. One part was heated to denaturate enzymes, homogenized, and stirred for six hours. After chromatographic separation and appropriate derivatization, the fractions were analyzed for low molecular weight compounds by GCMS. The other part was homogenized without cooking, but treated and analyzed in exactly the same way as the non-cooked sample. Comparison of the thus obtained products revealed that — besided already well known lipid peroxidation processes,e.g. generation of stress hormones as well as liberation and oxidation of phenolic compounds — a main but less known way of oxidative destruction was observed: epoxidation. The reaction not only involves unsaturated fatty acids, but also sterols and terpenes. This seems to be a typical response of plant cells to injury.

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Epoxidierung — Eine Folge von Zellverletzung

Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der Prozesse, die nach Zellverletzung ablaufen, wurde ein Weißkohlkopf geteilt. Die eine Hälfte wurde gekocht, um Enzyme zu zerstören, und dann homogenisiert. Das Homogenisat wurde bei Raumtemperatur sechs Stunden an der Luft gerührt. Nach chromatographischer Trennung wurden die einzelnen Fraktionen nach entsprechender Derivatisierung mittels GC-MS auf niedermolekulare Inhaltsstoffe untersucht. Die andere Hälfte des Weißkrautes wurde ungekocht in gleicher Weise homogenisiert, aufgearbeitet und analysiert. Der Vergleich der so erhaltenen Produkte ergab, daß neben bereits bekannten Lipidperoxidationsprozessen wie z.B. der Bildung von Streßhormonen und der Freisetzung sowie Oxidation von Phenolen ein weniger bekannter Weg oxidativer Umwandlung beobachtet wurde: Epoxidierung. Sie betrifft nicht nur ungesättigte Fettsäuren, sondern auch Sterole und Terpene. Diese Reaktion scheint eine typische Antwort von Pflanzen auf Zellverletzung zu sein.

     

The stir-frying can reduce hepatorenal toxicity of Fructus Tribuli by inactivating β-glucosidase and inhibiting the conversion of furostanol saponins to spirostanol saponins

The purpose of this study was to illustrate the mechanism of “enzyme inactivation and toxicity reduction” of Fructus Tribuli (FT) after being heating processed. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to quantitatively analyze the contents of four steroidal saponins in crude Fructus Tribuli (CFT) and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli (SFT) under different storage times at room temperature. The enzyme activity of β-D-glucosidase in CFT and SFT were determined and calculated by ultraviolet–visible spectrometry (UV-VIS spectrometry). In addition, the enzyme hydrolysates of FOT and tribuluside A were qualitatively analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). The hepatorenal toxicity of spirostanol saponins in FT were further confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiment. This study confirmed that “enzyme inactivation and toxicity reduction” was one of the reasons why the stir-frying can reduce hepatorenal toxicity of FT, and further enriched the exploration on the mechanism of processing toxicity reduction.     

基于气相气谱-质谱的代谢组学方法研究四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤

建立了一种基于气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术的代谢组学分析方法。以CCl4致小鼠肝损伤模型为研究对象,检测了染毒小鼠肝组织和血浆中内源性代谢物随时间的变化情况,并运用主成分分析方法对这一变化过程进行模式识别。研究发现,随着染毒时间的推移,小鼠的整体代谢物谱存在着一定的变化规律。肝组织中苹果酸和部分游离脂肪酸含量升高;血浆中柠檬酸和部分氨基酸含量有所上升。这些代谢物的变化都与肝损程度密切相关,且变化趋势与肝组织病理检查结果一致。研究结果表明:GC-MS技术在代谢物谱的获取和代谢物鉴定方面具有优势,可作为核磁共振(NMR)技术的补充工具用于代谢组学研究。     

非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征68例危险分层和药物治疗

为探讨非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)的危险分层和药物治疗方法,回顾分析了68例非ST段抬高ACS患者的临床资料。根据患者的危险因素分为低危组和高危组,两组均予阿司匹林、β受体阻滞剂、硝酸甘油、他汀类药等,高危组加用低分子肝素钙治疗一周,观察了治疗后胸痛和心电图的变化。结果表明,全组68例患者中[低危组32例(47.1%),高危组36例(52.9%)],低危组临床疗效总有效率93.7%,高危组总有效率88.9%,两组比较,P>0.05。提示根据危险分层合理选择用药是对非ST段抬高ACS药物治疗的有效方法。     

不孕症的中药治疗与微量元素

重点讨论了不孕症的发病机制，用中医中药辨证组方治疗的优势和现代微量元素研究的关系。     

An approach for predicting and describing patient outcome using multicriteria decision analysis and decision rules

Patient outcome in brain trauma patients is affected by a multiplicity of factors, beginning with ambulatory transportation and routing, to the grade of the receiving facility and treatment therein, and finally the treatment and monitoring in definitive care (the brain trauma intensive care unit). Factors and events in each of these phases can be modeled as a multicriteria problem, where the objective is to optimize patient outcome; moreover, a more comprehensive model can embody the interactions of all three phases. This study focuses on modeling the factors that affect patient outcome in definitive care and on expressing these in machine readable format so that we can better describe or predict patient outcome using data mining tools. We use multicriteria decision analysis and decision rules for knowledge representation. Preliminary results suggest that the incorporation of a priori knowledge does help better predict or describe patient outcome when using decision tree induction.     

Quantitative Correlation of Chromatographic Retention and Acute Toxicity for Alkyl（1- phenylsulfonyl） Cycloalkane Carboxylates and Their Structural Parameters by DFT

1 INTRODUCTION Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)is one of the necessary methods that could be emp- loyed to evaluate the hazards of organic chemicals. QSAR equation could be applied to predict the biological activity of unknown compounds, espe- cially for initial screening and evaluation of toxic compounds[1]. Moreover, the quantitative relation- ship between molecular structure and chromatogra- phic retention (capacity factor lgKW) could also bedeveloped to explain …     

Regulation of apoptosis through arachidonate cascade in mammalian cells

The arachidonate cascade includes the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to generate several oxygenated fatty acids, collectively called eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are suggested to play a dual role in regulating cell survival and apoptosis in various types of cells through an unknown mechanism. We found apoptosis in cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol β-acetate (TPA), a potent tumor promoter, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a LOX inhibitor. The effect of TPA was synergistically stimulated along with NDGA. Aspirin, a COX inhibitor, was not effective. The target of NDGA might be different from the mechanism involving a LOX activity in some kinds of carcinoma cells because the increased expression of 12-LOX was not detected in MDCK cells treated with TPA. Caspase and poly(ADP-ribose) metabolites were found to be involved in the signal transduction pathway of the TPA- and NDGA-induced apoptosis in MDCK cells. Alternatively, hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis was not affected by NDGA. Thus, the TPA-induced response involved the mechanism independent of the oxidative stress. Obesity is a risk factor for severe diseases including noninsulin-dependent diabetes and atherosclerosis characterized by the changes of cell properties of adipocytes. We found that conjugated linolenic acid from bitter gourd was able to induce apoptosis in mouse preadipogenic 3T3-L1 cells. The findings provide the potential use of conjugated fatty acids to regulate obesity.