Bond interchange reactions in functionalized triglyceride oil/poly(ethylene terephthalate) compositions

Naturally functionalized triglyceride oils are renewable resources which contain reactive chemical groups, hydroxyl in the case of castor oil, and epoxide in the case of vernonia oil. In this article, the reaction of these groups, and the ester linkages between the glycerol and acid residue portions of the oil molecule with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is investigated through a variety of means. Multiple reactions are possible in the triglyceride–PET system, some of which form a copolymer that increases miscibility, and if allowed to continue, forms a completely random copolymer mixture. Among the numerous reactions possible, PET–ester exchange with the hydroxyl or epoxide functionality of the triglyceride oils is found to be the most significant, and the effects of these and other reactions are observed and structural implications discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

混合溶剂火焰原子吸收法直接测定原油中的镍

混合溶剂火焰原子吸收法直接测定原油中的镍刘广东袁存光张丙华刘文钦（石油大学（华东），山东东营２５７０６２）彭力（中国石油天然气总公司环保处，北京１００７２４）关键词原油，混合溶剂，无机盐标准，原子吸收法，镍测定原油中，微量元素镍、钒、铁、铜的存在对...     

Analysis of free and esterified sterols in vegetable oil methyl esters by capillary GC

The introduction of quality standards for vegetable oil methyl esters is gaining in importance due to their increased use as diesel fuel substitutes and as technical products. Free and esterified sterols, the main constituents of the unsaponifiable matter in vegetable oils, are recovered in vegetable oil methyl esters and may influence the technical properties of vegetable oil methyl ester products. A rapid gas chromatographic method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of free and esterified sterols in vegetable oil methyl esters has therefore been developed. The concentration of the free sterols as well as their qualitative and quantitative composition and the concentration of the sterol esters have been determined in rape seed oil methyl ester samples by GC–FID. Prior to analysis, the free sterols were silylated with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% of trimethylchlorosilane; betulinol was used as an internal standard. Calibration was performed by analysis of standard solutions containing β-sitosterol, cholesteryl stearate, and betulinol. The reproducibility of the quantitative results has been evaluated by repeated injections of the same test solution and by repeated complete analysis of the same sample.     

Increase in removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated sandy soil

A 2³ full factorial experimental design was adopted to estimate the effects of three variables on the biodegradation of oil during soil bioremediation: bioaugmentation seeding a mixed culture, addition of fertilizer or mineral media, and correction of initial pH of the soil to 7.0. The tests were carried out in polyvinyl chloride reactors with 5.0 kg of crude oil-contaminated soil at 14 g/kg. After screening the variables, soil bioremediation tests were conduced with varied C:N ratios, yielding an increase in biodegradation of the oil heavy fraction from 24 to 65%, consumption of total n-paraffins, and a remarkable decrease in the concentration of residual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the soil.     

Stimultaneous quantitative analysis using dual capillary columns of different polarities

Complex organic mixtures, such as coal liquefaction and oil shale products and by-products, are comprised of hundreds or thousands of individual components. State-of-the-art high resolution gas chromatography does not always provide sufficient resolution to allow accurate quantitation or identification of many compounds of interest. The concept of dual capillary column chromatography combines the different resolving characteristics of two capillary columns coated with different stationary phases into a single chromatographic run. In this approach, both columns are connected to the same injection port. Analysis of complex mixtures in this fashion can confirm the identification and quantitation of components on two columns of different polarity with little increased analysis time, can provide a means of obtaining quantitative data for individual components which are known to coelute on any one column, and can alert one to unknown coelution problems that would be undetected by gas chromatographic analysis on a single capillary column. Simultaneous dual column analysis was applied to three samples, the neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction of a Solvent Refined Coal-II (SRC-II) heavy distillate, the nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compound (N-PAC) fraction of an SRC-II heavy distillate, and the basic fraction from a shale oil process water. Fused silica capillary columns coated with SE-54 and Durawax 3 were used for the analyses of the heavy distillate, while SE-54 an Carbowax 20M capillary columns were used for the analysis of the process water.     

Simultaneous extraction of organotin, organolead and organomercury species from soils and litter

Extracting organotin compounds (OTC) from soils is difficult due to the high cation exchange and complexation capacity of soils, and little information about OTC in soils is available. In this study, a new extraction method, combining 1 M CaCl₂, 0.1% tropolone, and glacial acetic acid was developed. Recoveries of mono-substituted OTC from spiked plant litter, and soil samples were improved substantially to 40% compared to classical glacial acetic acid extraction commonly used in sedimentology, yielding <10% recovery in C-rich soil samples. Simultaneously, the recovery of other OTC, trimethyllead and monomethylmercury was satisfactory. The recoveries of most species from the spiked litter, upland and wetland soils exceeded 70%. The new method extracted much more organometallics from unspiked organic soils and litter than microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction, most likely due to exchange of organometallics from the solid phase by Ca²⁺. The method is simple, highly efficient and with low contamination. Together with GC-ICP-mass spectrometry, the method allows the detection of these organometallics in the pg g⁻¹ range and it is particularly suitable for soil and plant materials with low organometallics contents.     

Enhancement of the static SIMS secondary ion yields of lipid moieties by ultrathin gold coating of aged oil paint surfaces

Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a powerful technique for identification and localization of pigments and binding media present in traditional paintings. Coating the surface of a cross‐section with a 20 Å thick gold layer improves the yields of secondary ions from the fatty acids and diacids. A chalk tablet containing 1% stearic acid, which was partially covered during gold deposition, is used as a test system to investigate the increase of the organic secondary ion yields upon gold deposition in SIMS imaging. A comparative study of a native and gold‐coated aged surface of a lead white‐containing linseed oil paint demonstrates the enhancement of the organic ion yields on a sample relevant for painting studies. The yields of oil paint‐derived negative ions increase by a factor of 3 whereas the yields of positive ions increase by a factor of 2–4. The different types of charged functional groups determine the degree of improvement in yield. Gold coating improves the ionization process of the fatty acids and does not influence their fragmentation. The dissociation of the lead white by the primary ion beam is reduced due to the gold coating. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nepeta oxyodonta</Emphasis>

Water-distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Nepeta oxyodonta Boiss. was analyzed by GC/MS for the first time. Fifty-eight components were identified. The major components were (E)-caryophyllene (12.6%), spathulenol (8.5%), β-bourbonene (8.1%), germacrene-D (7.4%), α-cadinol (7.3%), germacrene-D-4-ol (6.8%), T-cadinol (5.6%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.3%).__________Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 141–142, March–April, 2005.     

催化剂和供氢剂对渣油模型化合物裂化反应选择性的影响

供氢剂与分散性催化剂协同作用对于传统的煤液化体系和渣油加氢裂化体系非常重要。通过活化分子氢及煤分子，使液化反应在较低的温度下进行以减少副反应，继而提高氢转移效率，增加液体产物产率。供氢剂和催化剂起促进煤分子裂化的作用。将供氢剂与催化剂的协同作用应用于渣油加     

On-line coupling of liquid chromatography,capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils

Summary An on-line combination of liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry has been realized by coupling a quadrupole mass spectrometer to an LC-GC apparatus. Liquid chromatography was used for sample pretreatment of oil samples of different origin. The appropriate LC fraction, containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was transferred to the gas chromatograph using a loop-type interface. After solvent evaporation through the solvent vapour exit and subsequent GC separation, the compounds were introduced into the mass spectrometer for detection and identification. The GC column was connected to a short piece of deactivated fused silica that protruded into the ion source. The total analytical set-up allowed the direct analysis of oil samples after dilution in n-pentane without any sample clean-up. Detection limits are about 40 pg in the full scan mode and about 1 pg with selective ion monitoring, i.e. 20 ppb and 0.5 ppb respectively.