双周期裂纹压电材料反平面剪切问题断裂力学分析

研究压电材料双周期裂纹反平面剪切与平面电场作用的问题．运用复变函数方法，获得了该问题严格的闭合解，并由此给出了裂纹尖端应力强度因子和电位移强度因子的精确公式．数值算例显示了裂纹分布特征对材料断裂行为的重要影响．叠间小裂纹能够对主裂纹的应力和电位移场起着屏蔽作用，相反行间小裂纹却起着放大作用，至于钻石形分布裂纹的影响规律则更为复杂．对于某些特殊情形给予了解答并导出一系列有意义的结果。     

Analytical potential of mesofluidic lab-on-a-valve as a front end to column-separation systems

The lab-on-a-valve (LOV) integrated microdevice has recently attracted much attention as a functional mesofluidic platform for programmable, pressure-driven flow as compared to lab-on-a-chip counterparts. We review the current state of the art of LOV as a versatile front end to column-separation techniques, namely, liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for automatic mesofluidic handling at the low-microliter level, in-line sample processing and introducing the appropriate form of the analyte into the instrument for separation or detection.The open architecture of the LOV monolith unit has been to date exploited to accommodate micro solid-phase extraction in a renewable fashion, the so-called bead-injection analysis, encompassing reversed-phase materials and molecularly imprinted polymers, and in-valve microscale affinity chromatography. A plethora of interfaces have been recently devised for reliable injection of minute, well-defined volumes of analyte-containing solutions into LC,GC or CEWe illustrate these applications with representative examples in environmental and bioanalytical arenas.     

微全分析系统在环境污染物检测中的研究与应用

环境污染物的高效检测是分析领域关注的焦点,微全分析系统(μTAS)为现代环境监测提供了良好的技术平台和新的技术途径.本文综述了近年来μTAS在小分子环境样品检测和分析方面的研究进展,重点针对有机磷类、含硝基化合物、酚类、氨基甲酸酯类、芳香胺等有机污染物,各类阴离子和金属阳离子等无机污染物,氮氧化物、二氧化硫、硫化氢、甲...     

Characterization of poly(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) films as adsorbent for microfabricated preconcentrators

This work aims at evaluating poly(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) (Tenax TA), in the form of thin films, as an adsorbent material for various analytical applications. The physical properties of the polymer were studied with regard to surface topography, crystal structure, and thermal stability. Films deposited from solution at different substrate temperatures were studied and compared to the granular form of the polymer. It was found that Tenax TA deposited from solution have a different topography compared to their granular counterpart. The films possess a complex phase composition that includes crystalline and amorphous phases. The films showed high thermal stability (400 °C) similar to the granular form. The adsorption performance of the polymer compared to other possible adsorbent films such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and layer-by-layer assembled gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were also investigated. Representative volatile organic compound samples were used to compare the adsorption properties of Tenax TA films to that of the granules.     

聚苯胺微／纳米结构及其应用

导电聚合物微／纳米结构保留了轻质、类金属电导率和可逆化学和电化学特性,又具有纳米材料的高比表面积、尺寸和量子效应,它在电子器件、储能器件、传感器件等领域具有广泛的技术应用前景。其中,由于聚苯胺的制备方法简单、原料易得和独特的质子酸掺杂和脱掺杂机制,使聚苯胺微／纳米结构的可控制备及其应用研究已成为当前导电聚合物研究的热点...     

Pseudo global energy released locally by crack extension involving multiscale reliability

The energy release rate criterion, being mono scale by definition, is incompatible with the failure behavior of solids that are inherently dual, if not, multiscale. Time span of reliability is scale sensitive and can be addressed with consistency only by use of transitional functions that are designed to transform a function from one scale to another. A pseudo transitional energy release rate G^∗ is defined to address the cross-scaling properties of energy release rate. The reliability of such a function is found to fall quickly when the scale range deviates from that of micro-macro. In general, the time span of reliability based on G^* shortens considerably within the nano-micro and pico-nano scale ranges, resulting in fast turnover of system usability. Prediction accuracy tends to be scale range specific. Stress or strain based criteria are also mono scale. They may be adequate for some situations at the macroscopic scale, but can be ambiguous for multiscale problems. These situations are analyzed by application of the principle of least variance in conjunction with the R-integrals.Accelerated test data for the equivalent of 20 years’ fatigue crack growth in 2024-T3 aluminum panels were analyzed using the mutliscale reliability model. A time span plateau within the micro-macro range is from 8 to 17 years. This corresponds to the reliable portion of prediction, while the terminal 3 years are regarded as unreliable. A similar time span plateau were also found from 4 to 6 years within the nano-micro scale range. And an even smaller plateau hovering around 1.2 years were found for the pico-nano scale range. Time span of reliable prediction narrows with down sized scale range. The overlapping ends of the scale ranges are rendered unreliable as anticipated. These regions can be suppressed by the addition of meso scale ranges. Reference can be made to past discussions related to multiscaling and mesomechanics.     

Energy density and release rate study of an elliptic-arc interface crack in piezoelectric solid under anti-plane shear

The anti-plane problem of an elliptical inhomogeneity with an interfacial crack in piezoelectric materials is investigated. The system is subjected to arbitrary singularity loads (point charge and anti-plane concentrated force) and remote anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electrical loads. Using the complex variable method, the explicit series form solutions for the complex potentials in the matrix and the inclusion regions are derived. The electroelastic field intensity factors, the corresponding energy release rates and the generalized strain energy density at the cracks tips are then provided. The influence of the aspect ratio of the ellipse, the crack geometry and the electromechanical coupling coefficient on the energy release rate and the strain energy density is discussed and shown in graphs. The results indicate that the energy release rate increases with increment of the aspect ratio of the ellipse and the influence of electromechanical coupling coefficient on the energy release rate is significant. The strain energy density decreases with increment of the aspect radio of the ellipse and it is always positive for the cases discussed. The energy release rate, however, can be negative when both mechanical and fields are applied.     

Stabilization of flow boiling in a micro tube with air injection

Air injection as a stabilization method is evaluated for flow boiling in a micro tube. Pyrex glass tube coated by ITO film is employed as a test tube for flow visualization with water as a working fluid. Air bubble and liquid slug lengths are controlled by changing air and liquid mass velocities. Wall temperatures and inlet/outlet pressures show very large fluctuations during flow boiling without air injection. Severe reverse flow is also observed from flow visualization. On the other hand, wall temperature and inlet/outlet pressures as well as visualized flow patterns become very stable with air injection. In addition, much higher heat transfer coefficients are obtained for air injected cases. It is observed from the flow visualization that the flow becomes much stable and shows regular patterns.     

高铁锻钢制动盘热疲劳裂纹扩展仿真及寿命评价

巨大的制动热能导致高铁制动盘面出现热斑或热点,形成沿径向扩展的热疲劳裂纹,严重危及行车安全.通过仿真获得热疲劳裂纹扩展规律,据此制定出合适、经济的检测周期,具有重要意义.基于断裂力学理论,采用扩展有限单元法和自主研发的裂尖网格加密技术,得到热点形成规律,植入半椭圆形裂纹进行热疲劳断裂仿真,得到制动速度为400 km/h时的裂纹扩展寿命曲线,预测结果与制动盘运用寿命基本一致.仿真结果为制动盘轻量化设计、服役寿命评估及无损检测方案制定提供了重要的理论支撑.     

X射线光谱在生命起源和全球气候变化等若干重大科学问题中的研究进展

生命起源、全球气候变化等是关系到人类未来命运的重大科学问题,X射线光谱（XRS）可原位测定物质组成与元素形态,在解决重大科学问题、揭示自然规律中发挥了重要作用：（1）在生命起源探索中,通过RNA结构和海洋热液自养体系元素形态分析,揭示了RNA形成机制和生物地球化学规律;（2）在地球早期生命研究中,通过沉积纹层、细胞组构测定,发现了远古生物保存机制与证据;（3）在全球碳循环研究中,通过物相与元素形态分析,揭示了铁源生物有效性与碳汇机制。利用XRS从微纳米尺度原位测定元素三维空间分布与形态,实现活体分析蛋白质信息传递与生物响应过程,探索元素与有机质构效关系,揭示生命起源与生物代谢机制及全球气候变化规律,是XRS未来发展中的重要领域;作为冶金、材料、地质、文物、工矿、生态、环境、医学与生命科学等领域中的重要分析手段,XRS所特有的无损、原位与活体分析特性,已呈现了巨大应用价值,在未来探索重大科学问题、解决关键技术难点的研究中,X射线光谱分析技术必将发挥更大作用。