A simplified prediction of entropy of melting for energetic compounds

A new widely applicable model for the prediction of the entropy of melting of organic compounds is presented. The use of three simple geometry based parameters: rotational symmetry, flexibility, and eccentricity enables the simple and accurate prediction of this important property. This paper demonstrates the use of the model for energetic compounds.     

Effect of final heating temperature on crystallization of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with an aryl amide derivative as <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-form nucleating agent

An aryl dicarboxylic acid amide compound TMB-5 is an efficientβ-form nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene(iPP).Because of the solubility of TMB-5,superstructure and morphology of iPP crystals changed with melting conditions.Effects of final heating temperature(T_f)on heterogeneous nucleation of iPP/TMB-5 were investigated.It was discovered that the crystallization temperature increased with decreasing T_f value.The optical microscopic images indicated that when TMB-5 partially dissolved in iPP melt,the remaining(non-dissolved)TMB-5 facilitated the recrystallization of dissolved nucleating agent from the melt,which promoted crystallization.Complete solubility of nucleating agent caused the decreasing efficiency.TMB-5 recrystallized in the form of tiny needles,whose aggregates induced dendritic iPP crystals.     

A knowledge-based multi-role decision support system for ore blending cost optimization of blast furnaces

Literature illustrates the difficulties in obtaining the lowest-cost optimal solution to an ore blending problem for blast furnaces by using the traditional trial-and-error method in iron and steel enterprises. To solve this problem, we developed a cost optimization model which we have implemented in a multi-role-based decision support system (DSS). On the basis of analyzing the business flow and working process of ore blending, we propose an architecture of DSS which is built based on multi-roles. This DSS construction pre-processes the data for materials and elements, builds a general database, abstracts the related optimal operations research models and introduces the reasoning mechanism of an expert system. A non-linear model of ore blending for blast furnaces and its solutions are provided. A database, a model base and a knowledge base are integrated into the expert system-based multi-role DSS to meet the different demands of data, information and decision-making knowledge for the various roles of users. A comparison of the results for the DSS and the trial-and-error method is provided. The system has produced excellent economic benefits since it was implemented at the Xiangtan Iron & Steel Group Co. Ltd., China.     

Equation of state of solids from high-pressure isotherm

A new variant of the method of finding the equation of state in the Mie–Grüneisen form is presented. It is based only on high-pressure isotherms of solids. Using this procedure, the semiempirical equation of state and shock adiabats of solids may be found at high pressures and high temperatures. The method is tested on periclase MgO within the range of shock pressures up to 300–500 GPa.     

Study of partial melting at high-pressure using in situ X-ray diffraction

The high-pressure melting behavior of different iron alloys was investigated using the classical synchrotron-based in situ X-ray diffraction techniques. As they offer specific advantages and disadvantages, both energy-dispersive (EDX) and angle-dispersive (ADX) X-ray diffraction methods were performed at the BL04B1 beamline of SPring8 (Japan) and at the ID27-30 beamline of the ESRF (France), respectively. High-pressure vessels and pressure ranges investigated include the Paris–Edinburgh press from 2 to 17 GPa, the SPEED-1500 multi-anvil press from 10 to 27 GPa, and the laser-heated diamond anvil cell from 15 to 60 GPa. The onset of melting (at the solidus or eutectic temperature) can be easily detected using EDX because the grains start to rotate relative to the X-ray beam, which provokes rapid and drastic changes with time of the peak growth rate. Then, the degree of melting can be determined, using both EDX and ADX, from the intensity of diffuse X-ray scattering characteristic of the liquid phase. This diffuse contribution can be easily differentiated from the Compton diffusion of the pressure medium because they have different shapes in the diffraction patterns. Information about the composition and/or about the structure of the liquid phase can then be extracted from the shape of the diffuse X-ray scattering.     

Processing and characterization of fire-retardant modified polystyrene/functional graphite composites

In the current endeavor, polystyrene (PS) was first functionalized to get nitro-substituted polystyrene (PS-NO₂) and then the matrix was further modified into an amino-functional polystyrene (PS-NH₂). Later the effect of addition of acid functional graphite (F-G) on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, and non-flammability properties of composite series (PS/F-G 0.01–0.5, PS-NO₂/F-G 0.01–0.5, and PS-NH₂/F-G 0.01–0.5) was scrutinized. The composites were prepared using solution processing and melt blending. According to FESEM, the solution mixing of graphite prevented the nano-filler aggregation in the matrix relative to melt-processed hybrids. There was considerable augment in the tensile strength and tensile modulus of solution-processed amino-functional material (32.8–39.6?MPa and 3.8–5.7?GPa, respectively) with functional graphite loading relative to PS/F-G 0.01–0.5 and PS-NO₂/F-G 0.01–0.5 prepared. Adding up of F-G also improved the thermal stability of solution-processed composites, and the enhancement was maximum in the case of PS-NH₂/F-G 0.01–0.5 with 10% weight loss in the range 446–477 °C. In solution system, cone calorimetry results show a decrease in the PHHR values of the composites relative to pure PS and nitro-functional matrix. PS-NH₂/F-G 0.5 had PHHR value of 462 kW/m², and the reduction of HRR values was also escorted by decrease in ignition time. Thermal, mechanical, and non-flammability results of solution-processed systems were found to be enhanced compared with melt-blended system depicting the advantage of the technique used.     

Thermal behaviour of anhydrous, dihydrate and (2/1) ethanol forms of 1-O-α- -glucopyranosyl- -mannitol

The melting points of anhydrous 1-O-α- -glucopyranosyl- -mannitol, 1-O-α- -glucopyranosyl- -mannitol dihydrate and a new compound, 1-O-α- -glucopyranosyl- -mannitol-ethanol (2/1) were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. The melting onset values were 169.2 (3), 104.3 (18) and 158.7 (9), respectively, and the melting peak values were 171.4 (5), 107.9 (15) and 160.1 (6), respectively. 1-O-α- -glucopyranosyl- -mannitol dihydrate and 1-O-α- -glucopyranosyl- -mannitol-ethanol (2/1) decompose to anhydrous form when heated at slow heating rates.According to TG-FTIR measurements, 1-O-α- -glucopyranosyl- -mannitol-ethanol (2/1) lost its ethanol in the 110–190°C range, and 1-O-α- -glucopyranosyl- -mannitol dihydrate lost its crystal water in the 60–210°C range. After removal of ethanol and crystal water, both decomposed in air totally as carbohydrates usually do, forming lower hydrocarbons with OH-groups, CO₂ and H₂O.     

人工神经网络在配煤过程状态建模中的应用研究

本文详细介绍了人工神经网络应用于状态建模的方法．对神经网络应用中的一些难点提出了切实可行且有效的解决措施，并举例作了应用示范．同时还介绍了神经网络方法应用于优化动力配煤的情况，并就神经网络方法在优化动力配煤中的进一步应用作了展望．     

Development of cube textured Ni–5 at.%W alloy substrates for coated conductor application using a melting process

Biaxially textured Ni–5 at.%W substrates have been prepared by cold rolling, followed by three different annealing routes. In this paper, the processes of melting Ni and W metals, flat rolling, various annealing methods are described in detail. The Ni–5 at.%W tapes annealed under either high vacuum or flowing Ar (7% H₂) gas were characterized by X-ray pole figures, ODF, EBSD as well as AFM analysis. The texture analysis indicated that as fabricated tapes have a sharp cube texture formed after annealing at a wide temperature range of 800–1100 °C. The high quality of cube orientation on tapes was obtained after a two-step annealing (TSA), where the percentage of the cube texture component was as high as 93.5% within a misorientation angle smaller than 8° from EBSD analysis. Furthermore, it was also observed that the number of twin boundaries in this tape decreased with respect to that of tapes annealed both in vacuum and one-step gas annealing. From AFM on 1 μm² areas, it was concluded that the roughness (RMS) on the tape surface reached 0.98 nm.     

Fire retardancy of polyethylene‐alumina trihydrate containing clay as a synergist

The fire behavior of polyethylene combined with alumina trihydrate (ATH) and an oligomerically‐modified clay has been studied. The combination of polyethylene with 2.5% inorganic clay and 20% ATH gives a 73% reduction in the peak heat release rate (PHRR), which is the same as that obtained when 40% ATH is used alone. A further increase in the clay loading does not improve the fire properties. Mechanical properties, such as elongation at break, can be improved in comparing compounds with or without clay at the same reduction in PHRR. The oligomerically‐modified clay can also facilitate the melt blending process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.